Template:More citations needed Template:Infobox French commune
Rueil-Malmaison ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}) or simply Rueil is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, in the Hauts-de-Seine department, Île-de-France region. It is located Template:Convert from the centre of Paris. It is one of the wealthiest suburbs of Paris.
NameEdit
Rueil-Malmaison was originally called simply Rueil. In medieval times the name Rueil was spelled either {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. This name is made of the Gaulish word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (meaning 'clearing, glade' or 'place of') suffixed to a radical meaning 'brook, stream' (Template:Langx, Template:Langx), or maybe to a radical meaning 'ford' (Celtic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).Template:Citation needed
In 1928, the name of the commune officially became Rueil-Malmaison in reference to its most famous tourist attraction, the Château de Malmaison, home of Napoleon's first wife Joséphine de Beauharnais.
The name Malmaison comes from Medieval Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning 'ill-fated domain', 'estate of ill luck'. In the Early Middle Ages Malmaison was the site of a royal residence which was destroyed by the Vikings in 846.
HistoryEdit
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The territory of Rueil has been frequented since very ancient times: during foundation work for the construction of a new neighborhood near the Seine, at the "Closeaux" site, a Mesolithic site of an Azilian people (10,300 to 8,700 BCE) was uncovered. Remains of an Eurasian cave lion, dating back 12,000 years, were also discovered there.
The first historical mention of Rueil, or rather of Rotoialum villae, dates back to the 6th century, in the History of the Franks written by Gregory of Tours. The term refers to what was then a Roman-style villa. Also known as Roialum or Rotariolensem villam, it was a place of leisure and hunting for Merovingian kings from the 6th to the 8th century. The Rueil barracks of the Swiss Guard were constructed in 1756 under Louis XV by the architect Charles-Axel Guillaumot, and have been classified Monument historique since 1973. The Guard was formed by Louis XIII in 1616 and massacred at the Tuileries on 10 August 1792 during the French Revolution.
Around 870, Charles the Bald gave this estate to the Abbey of Saint-Denis. At the end of the 12th century, Benedictine monks built a chapel dedicated to Saint Cucufa in the former Béranger woods, which later, after the 18th century, became known as the “Saint-Cucufa woods.”
During the Edward III’s Chevauchée in 1346, Rueil was burned and thoroughly devastated by the Black Prince, taking a long time to recover from this disaster. In 1584, Antoine of Portugal, exiled in France, lived in Rueil and laid the first stone of a church on the site of the old one, which was in ruins.
In 1622, Christophe Perrot, a counselor to the Parliament of Paris, had a château built on the site called Malmaison, an estate that would become, in the following century, the property of the future Empress Joséphine.
The monks sold the estate in 1633 to Cardinal Richelieu, who settled at the Château du Val, built for Jean Moisset, a financier under Henri IV. Far from the intrigues and noise of the city, it became his favorite residence. Richelieu also funded the completion of the Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul church by having its façade constructed by his architect Lemercier.
In 1691, the Marquise de Maintenon, the king’s secret wife, rented a house in Rueil to receive poor children and provide them with some education. This was the precursor to the institution she would later establish in Saint-Cyr, closer to Versailles.
In 1754, the construction of the barracks, along with those in Courbevoie and Saint-Denis, and the arrival of a Swiss Guards regiment in Rueil significantly increased the population. The Rueil barracks (now the Guynemer barracks, next to the Swiss Guards Museum), built by architect Charles-Axel Guillaumot, is still in use today and is the only one of the three original Swiss Guards barracks that remains.
On April 21, 1799, the Château de Malmaison was purchased by General Bonaparte's wife, Marie-Josèphe Tascher de la Pagerie, widow of the Viscount de Beauharnais and wife of General Bonaparte, who, out of jealousy, called her “Josephine.” As the château’s owner, Josephine had it renovated by architects Percier and Fontaine. During the Consulate, Napoleon spent considerable time there, both for leisure and work. Decisions made there included, for example, the Louisiana Purchase and the establishment of the Legion of Honor. After their divorce, the Emperor allowed his former wife to retain her title as Empress and her ownership of Malmaison. Deeply fond of the estate, Josephine had heated greenhouses built to pursue her passion for botany. After his defeat, Napoleon abdicated at Fontainebleau and left for exile on April 20, 1814. It was in Rueil, where she had welcomed Tsar Alexander I of Russia and sought his protection, that the former Empress died on May 29 of that year. Her remains were interred in the Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul Church.
The following year, after the Hundred Days, Anglo-Prussian forces took Rueil and looted it. While the British ransacked Malmaison, the Prussians entered Masséna’s property, ravaged the park, stripped the château of all portable items, and smashed the furniture.
In 1866, with the Empire restored and the town having grown, it was decided to build a new town hall. It was also during this period that Emperor Napoleon III funded the partial restoration of Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul Church, which contained the tombs of his mother and grandmothers and had fallen into disrepair. Rueil also became home to the Infanta Marie-Isabella of Spain, the eldest daughter of Queen Isabella II of Spain, and her husband, Prince Gaetano of Bourbon-Sicily, when the Spanish royal family was exiled by the revolution of 1868.
View of the front of the Stell Hospital, bearing the name of Edward Tuck During the Siege of Paris from 1870 to 1871, in the Franco-Prussian War, Rueil, the surrounding villages, and the Château de Buzenval became battle sites, notably on October 21, 1870, and January 19, 1871, during the first and second battles of Buzenval, where French troops from Paris clashed with Prussian soldiers entrenched on the Garches heights.
The commune has three war memorials commemorating this conflict. The first, located on Rue du Général-Colonieu, named after an Algerian rifleman officer distinguished in battle, was designed by architect Charles Chipiez at the request of the Seine department in memory of the second battle. It features a large stone shell adorned with garlands. The second, located in the old cemetery, was created by architect Albert Julien and inaugurated in 1886. It is a massive obelisk made of blue granite. On the four sides of the base are bronze medallions sculpted by Antide Péchiné. Finally, the third is situated on Rue du Commandant-Jacquot, behind a doorway framed by two pilasters, on a small walled plot. This is a column topped with a cross. The inscription “Raoul de Kreuznach, October 21, 1870, De profundis” honors this young man of 19, killed shortly after joining the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr. His father managed to locate his initial resting place, where he lay among the bodies of other soldiers, and purchased this plot from a local farmer to erect the monument, which he later donated to the State. The association Le Souvenir Français continues to maintain it to this day.
In 1899, an American philanthropic couple, Mr. and Mrs. Tuck, settled in Rueil at the Vermont estate and did much for the town: they funded the construction of the Stell Hospital (named after Mrs. Tuck's maiden name), built schools, and helped to preserve Bois-Préau and the Château de Malmaison.
At that time, Rueil was popular among Parisians for its riverside guinguettes along the Seine, a tradition that dates back to the 1850s, thanks in part to the railway line. Boating on the Seine was also in vogue. Rueil was still a town of market gardening, vineyards, and laundries.
During the 1910 Seine flood, Rueil was inundated, like neighboring towns along the river. On January 29, the daily newspaper Le Journal wrote: "In Rueil, three infantry battalions arrived yesterday morning to guard properties abandoned by their residents.
Occupied by the Germans in 1940, the town was the site of resistance executions at the Mont-Valérien fort. It was liberated on August 19, 1944. On June 23, 1943, an FTP-MOI commando led by Rino Della Negra attacked the Guynemer barracks.
The new Hôtel de Ville (town hall) was completed in 1978.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PopulationEdit
Template:Historical populations
SightsEdit
The Château de Malmaison, the residence of Napoléon's first wife Joséphine de Beauharnais, is located in Rueil-Malmaison. It is home to a Napoleonic museum.
- 2011 Chateau de Malmaison recto-verso.jpg
The Château de Malmaison, recto, verso
- Château de Malmaison - Appartement de Joséphine 001.jpg
Bedroom of Joséphine de Beauharnais and Napoléon
- Château de Malmaison - Salle de billard 001.jpg
Billiard room
- Château de Malmaison - Bibliothèque 001.jpg
Library of Napoleon
- Château de Malmaison - Salle à manger 002.jpg
Dining room
Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul Church housing notable graves.
- Tombeau de Joséphine Rueil.jpg
Tomb of Empress Josephine and her two children
- Tombeau d'Hortense Rueil.jpg
Monument to Queen Hortense
- Rueil-Malmaison Église Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul 002.JPG
Monumental organ
- Eglise Saint-Pierre Saint-Paul 9.jpg
The church in 2012
In poetryEdit
Lydia Huntley Sigourney's poem Template:Ws was published in her volume 'Pleasant Memories of Pleasant Lands' published in 1842 and follows her visit to Europe in 1840.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
EconomyEdit
The main campus of the French Institute of Petroleum research organisation is in Rueil. The city has also become home to many large companies moving out of La Défense business district, located only Template:Convert from Rueil, a trend first established by the move of Esso headquarters to Rueil.
There are about 850 service sector companies located in Rueil, 70 of which employ more than 100 people. A business district called Rueil-sur-Seine (previously known as "Rueil 2000") was created near the RER A Rueil-Malmaison station to accommodate these companies. The business district is equipped with a fiber-optic network.
Several major French companies have their world headquarters in Rueil-Malmaison, such as Schneider Electric and VINCI.<ref>"Privacy Policy." Schneider Electric. Retrieved on 8 July 2010.</ref><ref>"Contact." (Map) Vinci. Retrieved on 7 July 2010.</ref> Schneider had its head office in Rueil-Malmaison since 2000; previously the building Schneider occupies housed the Schneider subsidiary Télémécanique.<ref name="SchneiderHQ">"Schneider-Electric s'est installé chez une filiale." Schneider Electric. Retrieved on 8 July 2010.</ref>
Several large international companies have also located their French headquarters in Rueil-Malmaison, including as ExxonMobil, AstraZeneca, American Express and Unilever.
InfrastructureEdit
TransportationEdit
Rueil-Malmaison is served by Rueil-Malmaison station on RER A. In the future,Template:When the commune will be served by Rueil – Suresnes – Mont Valérien station on Line 15 of the Grand Paris Express (GPE), which will be located on the border with the commune of Suresnes, as well as a western extension of Île-de-France tramway Line 1.
HealthcareEdit
The Stell Hospital, a teaching hospital of Sorbonne University, is located in Rueil-Malmaison.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
MuseumsEdit
The area has a local history museum, the Musée d'histoire locale de Rueil-Malmaison.<ref name=Stienne88 /> Since 21 May 2016 it has been home to the Ancient Egyptian mummy of a five-year-old called Ta-Iset.<ref name=Stienne88>Template:Cite book</ref>
EducationEdit
Public schools:
- 15 preschools<ref>"Les écoles maternelles." Rueil-Malmaison. Retrieved on 7 September 2016.</ref>
- 15 elementary schools<ref>"Les écoles élémentaires." Rueil-Malmaison. Retrieved on 7 September 2016.</ref>
- Six junior high schools: Les Bons-Raisins, Henri-Dunant, La Malmaison, Les Martinets, Marcel-Pagnol, Jules-Verne<ref>"Les collèges." Rueil-Malmaison. Retrieved on 7 September 2016.</ref>
- Two senior high schools: Lycée Richelieu, Lycée polyvalent Gustave-Eiffel<ref>"Les lycées." Rueil-Malmaison. Retrieved on 7 September 2016.</ref>
Private schools:<ref>"Les établissements privés." Rueil-Malmaison. Retrieved on 7 September 2016.</ref>
- Collège et lycée Madeleine-Daniélou
- Collège et lycée Passy-Buzenval
- Collège Notre-Dame
- École maternelle et élémentaire Saint-Charles-Notre Dame
- Ecole maternelle élémentaire Charles-Peguy
- Ecole Montessori Bilingue de Rueil-Malmaison
There are tertiary educational institutions in the area.<ref>"Enseignement supérieur." Rueil-Malmaison. Retrieved on September 7, 2016.</ref>
Engineering college:
Notable residentsEdit
- Jean-Marie Le Pen and his wife, Jany Le Pen, used to live in a two-story house on Rue Hortense.<ref name="nouvelobsricheproprietaire">Template:Cite news</ref>
- N'Golo Kanté grew up in a small flat with his family in Rueil-Malmaison.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Twin towns – sister citiesEdit
Rueil-Malmaison is twinned with:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Ávila, Spain
- Template:Flagicon Bad Soden, Germany
- Template:Flagicon Le Bardo, Tunisia
- Template:Flagicon Bukhara, Uzbekistan, since 1999
- Template:Flagicon Dubrovnik, Croatia, since 2011
- Template:Flagicon Elmbridge, England, United Kingdom
- Template:Flagicon Fribourg, Switzerland
- Template:Flagicon Helsingør, Denmark
- Template:Flagicon Jelgava, Latvia, since 2006
- Template:Flagicon Kiryat Malakhi, Israel, since 1 June 1985<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Kitzbühel, Austria, since 1979
- Template:Flagicon Lynchburg, United States
- Template:Flagicon Carmel, Indiana, United States
- Template:Flagicon Oaxaca, Mexico
- Template:Flagicon Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Template:Flagicon Sergiyev Posad, Russia, since 1989
- Template:Flagicon Timișoara, Romania
- Template:Flagicon Tōgane, Japan, since 1990
- Template:Flagicon Zouk Mikael, Lebanon, since 2009
- Template:Flagicon Chernivtsi, Ukraine, since 2024
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
Template:Paris Metropolitan Area Template:Hauts-de-Seine communes Template:Pays des Impressionnistes Template:Authority control