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The 9K34 Strela-3 (Template:Langx, 'arrow', NATO reporting name: SA-14 Gremlin) is a man-portable air defense missile system (MANPADS) developed in the Soviet Union as a response to the poor performance of the earlier 9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail) system. The missile was largely based on the earlier Strela 2, and thus development proceeded rapidly. The new weapon was accepted into service in the Soviet Army in January 1974.
DescriptionEdit
The most significant change over the Strela 2 was the introduction of an all-new infra-red homing seeker head. The new seeker worked on FM modulation (con-scan) principle, which is less vulnerable to jamming and decoy flares than the earlier AM (spin-scan) seekers, which were easily fooled by flares and even the most primitive infrared jammers. The new seeker also introduced detector element cooling in the form of a pressurized nitrogen bottle attached to the launcher.
The effect of cooling was to expand the seeker's lead sulfide detector element's sensitivity range to longer wavelengths (slightly over 4 μm as opposed to 2.8 μm of uncooled PbS elements). In practice this made possible the tracking of cooler targets over longer ranges, and enabled forward-hemisphere engagement of jets under favourable circumstances. The seeker also had better tracking rate, enabling the missile to track maneuvering of fast and approaching targets.
A negative side effect from the aforementioned improvements was increased missile weight, which caused a slight decrease in the kinematic performance of the original Strela-2 (SA-7). Template:Citation needed Against relatively slow, low-altitude battlefield air threats the overall effectiveness was much improved.Template:Citation needed
Strela-3 missiles have been exported to over 30 countries.
The original Strela-3 missile was the 9M36. The follow-on to the Strela-3 was Igla.
The naval version of this missile has the NATO reporting name of SA-N-8.
Operational historyEdit
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IraqEdit
On 22 November 2003 an Airbus A300 cargo plane was hit by a Strela-3 missile after takeoff from Baghdad International Airport, but managed to land safely despite losing hydraulic power.
On 6 May 2006, a British Westland Lynx AH.7 of the Royal Navy from 847 Squadron was shot down with a Strela-3 over Basra, killing five crewmen and crashing into a house.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GeorgiaEdit
During the War in Abkhazia (1992–1993), a Russian Mi-8 helicopter was shot down by a Georgian Army SA-14 on December 14, 1992, resulting in the death of 3 crew and 58 passengers, most of them Russian refugees. A Georgian Air Force Su-25 was shot down over Nizhnaya Eshera on 4 July 1993 by SA-14,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and several other aircraft on both sides may have been shot down by SA-14s.<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Former YugoslaviaEdit
A British Sea Harrier FRS1 of 801 Naval Air Squadron, operating from aircraft carrier Template:HMS on 16 April 1994, was shot down during its attack on two Republika Srpska T-55 tanks in Bosnia. The pilot, Lieutenant Nick Richardson, ejected and landed in territory controlled by friendly Bosnian Muslims.
DRC CongoEdit
A Zimbabwe Air Force Il-76 was shot down by Congolese rebels using an SA-14 on 11 October 1998 during the Second Congo War, resulting in the death of 40 troops and crew.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
AfghanistanEdit
SA-14s used by the Northern Alliance are credited with having shot down 8 Taliban MiG-21 and Su-22 fighters during the Taliban's 2000 offensive against Taloqan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
TurkeyEdit
A SA-14 (9K34 Strela-3) MANPADS was found during Operation Claw (2019-2020) in June 2019 in the Hakurk region of northern Iraq belonging to the PKK.Template:Citation needed
OperatorsEdit
CurrentEdit
- Template:ANGTemplate:Sfn
- Template:AZETemplate:Sfn
- {{#invoke:flag||Bosnia and Herzegovina}}Template:Sfn
- Template:CROTemplate:Sfn
- Template:CUBTemplate:Sfn
- {{#invoke:flag||Georgia (country)|name=Georgia}}Template:Sfn
- Template:IRNTemplate:Sfn
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- Template:NICTemplate:Sfn
- Template:PRKTemplate:Sfn
- Template:PERTemplate:Sfn
- {{#invoke:flag||Russia|}} − Used by Ground Forces and Airborne units.Template:Sfn
- Template:SYRTemplate:Sfn
- Template:TKMTemplate:Sfn
- {{#invoke:flag||Ukraine}}Template:Sfn<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Non-stateEdit
- Template:Flag<ref name="guid" />
- Template:FlaglistTemplate:Sfn
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- Template:Flagicon image Kurdistan Workers' Party<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Bsn
FormerEdit
- {{#invoke:flag||Armenia}}Template:Sfn
- {{#invoke:flag||Belarus}}Template:Sfn
- Template:BUL − Produced under license.Template:Sfn
- Template:CZSTemplate:Sfn
- {{#invoke:flag||Czech Republic}}Template:Sfn
- Template:GDR – Never acquired to military service.<ref name="samolotypolskie.pl">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:FlagTemplate:Sfn
- {{#invoke:flag||Finland}}Template:Sfn
- Template:GER − Former East German stock, used for training only.Template:Sfn
- {{#invoke:flag||Hungary|}}Template:Sfn
- {{#invoke:flag||India}}Template:Sfn
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- Template:KAZTemplate:Sfn
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- {{#invoke:flag||Poland}}Template:Sfn
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- Template:URS<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Template:TJKTemplate:Sfn
- Template:UAE – Used by the Abu Dhabi Royal Guard.Template:Sfn
- Template:UZBTemplate:Sfn
- Template:VIETemplate:Sfn
Non-state formerEdit
- Template:Flagicon image Farabundo Martí National Liberation FrontTemplate:Sfn
- Template:Flagicon image Jamiat-e Islami<ref name="guid">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Template:Flaglist<ref name ="guid"/>
- Template:Flagicon image Revolutionary United Front<ref name="guid" />
- Template:Flagicon image UNITA<ref name="guid" /> – Captured from MPLA and Cuban forces in late 1987.Template:Sfn
Comparison chartEdit
| System | 9K32M Strela-2M (missile: 9M32M) | 9K34 Strela-3 (missile: 9M36)<ref>Istorija sozdanija i razvitija vooruzhenija i vojennoi theniki PVO suhoputnyh voisk Rossii</ref> | FIM-43C Redeye<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Service entry | 1968 | 1974 | 1968 | |
| Mass, full system, ready to shoot | 15 kg | 16 kg | 13.3 kg | |
| Weight, missile | 9.8 kg | 10.3 kg | 8.3 kg | |
| Length | 1.44 m | 1.47 m | 1.40 m | |
| Warhead | 1.15 kg (0.37 kg HMX) directed-energy blast fragmentation | 1.17 kg (0.39 kg HMX) directed-energy blast fragmentation, including a 20g secondary charge to set off remaining rocket propellant | 1.06 kg M222 (0.36 kg HTA-3) blast fragmentation | |
| Seeker type | AM-modulated (spin scan), uncooled PbS detector element (1–2.8 μm sensitivity range). Tail-chase only. | FM-modulated (con scan), nitrogen-cooled PbS detector element (2–4.3 μm sensitivity range). Limited forward hemisphere (all-aspect) capability | AM-modulated, gas-cooled PbS detector element. Tail-chase only. | |
| Maximum range | 4,200 m | 4,500 m | 4,500 m | |
| Speed | 430 m/s | 470 m/s | 580 m/s | |
| Target's maximum speed, approaching/receding | 150/260 m/s | 310/260 m/s | –/225 m/s | |
| Engagement altitude | 0.05–2.3 km | 0.03–3.0 km | 0.05–2.7 km |
See alsoEdit
CitationsEdit
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General and cited referencesEdit
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