Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force

File:Meeting of the Supreme Command.jpg

style }} Left to right: Lieutenant General Omar N. Bradley, Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay, Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, General Sir Bernard Montgomery, Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, and Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith

Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF; Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell) was the headquarters of the Commander of Allied forces in northwest Europe, from late 1943 until the end of World War II. US General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the commander in SHAEF throughout its existence. The position itself shares a common lineage with Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Atlantic, but they are different titles.

History

Eisenhower transferred from command of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations to command SHAEF, which was formed in Camp Griffiss, Bushy Park, Teddington, London, from December 1943; an adjacent street named Shaef Way, and a gate into the park called Shaef Gate, remain to this day.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Southwick House was used as an alternative headquarters near Portsmouth. Its staff took the outline plan for Operation Overlord created by Lieutenant General Sir Frederick E. Morgan, Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander (Designate) (COSSAC), and Major General Ray Barker.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Morgan, who had been appointed chief of staff to the Supreme Allied Commander (designate) in mid-March 1943 began planning for the invasion of Europe before Eisenhower's appointment<ref>See: Template:Cite book, p. 71.</ref> and moulded the plan into the final version, which was executed on 6 June 1944. That process was shaped by Eisenhower and the land forces commander, General Sir Bernard Law Montgomery, for the initial part of the invasion.

SHAEF remained in the United Kingdom until sufficient forces were ashore to justify its transfer to France.<ref>Eisenhower moved to Normandy and set up an advance command post on the morning of 7 August 1944. See: Template:Cite book, p. 92.</ref> At that point, Montgomery ceased to command all land forces but continued as Commander in Chief of the British 21st Army Group (21 AG) on the eastern wing of the Normandy bridgehead. The US 12th Army Group (12 AG) commanded by Lieutenant General Omar Bradley was created as the western wing of the bridgehead. As the breakout from Normandy took place, the Allies launched the invasion of southern France on 15 August 1944 with the US 6th Army Group (6 AG) under the command of Lieutenant General Jacob L. Devers. During the invasion of southern France, the 6 AG was under the command of the Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) of the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations, but after one month command passed to SHAEF. By this time, the three Army Groups had taken up the positions on the Western Front in which they would remain until the end of the war—the British 21 AG to the North, the American 12 AG in the middle and the 6 AG to the South. By December 1944, SHAEF had established itself in the Trianon Palace Hotel in Versailles, France.<ref>Template:Cite book, p. 199.</ref> In February 1945, it moved to Reims and on 26 May 1945, to Frankfurt.<ref name="lecture">Template:Cite book</ref>

Order of battle

SHAEF commanded the largest number of formations ever committed to one operation on the Western Front, with American, Free French, British and Canadian forces. It commanded all Allied airborne forces as an airborne army, as well as three army groups that controlled a total of eight field armies;

• File:First Allied Airborne Army.svg First Allied Airborne Army
  • all Allied airborne divisions, brigades and paratrooper transport wings
• File:21st army group badge large.svg British 21st Army Group
  • File:First Canadian Army formation patch.svg First Canadian Army
  • File:2nd british army badge large.png Second British Army
• File:12th Army Group.svg US 12th Army Group
  • File:US Army 1st Army SSI Prior to 1950.png First United States Army
  • File:United States Army Central CSIB.svg Third United States Army
  • File:US Ninth Army patch.svg Ninth United States Army
  • File:15th US Army SSI.svg Fifteenth United States Army
• File:US 6th Army Group.svg US 6th Army Group
  • File:Insigne Rhin et Danube-1èrearmée.jpg French First Army
  • File:US Seventh Army SSI.svg Seventh United States Army

SHAEF also controlled substantial naval forces during Operation Neptune, the assault phase of Overlord, and two tactical air forces: the US Ninth Air Force and the RAF Second Tactical Air Force. Allied strategic bomber forces in the UK also came under its command during Operation Neptune.

Commanders and senior staff

	Name	Photo	Branch
Supreme Allied Commander	General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower	File:Dwight D Eisenhower.jpg	Template:Army
Deputy Supreme Allied Commander	Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder	File:Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder on the Italian coast, 17 December 1943.jpg	Template:Air force
Chief of Staff	Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith	File:Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith, three-quarter length portrait, seated, facing front, in uniform.jpg	Template:Army
Deputy Chief of Staff (Operations)	Lieutenant General Frederick E. Morgan	File:Frederick E. Morgan.jpg	Template:Army
Deputy Chief of Staff (Chief Administrative Officer)	Lieutenant General Humfrey Gale	File:Hunfrey Gale, cropped from Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force- Personalities TR2628 (cropped).jpg
Deputy Chief of Staff (Air)	Air Marshal James Robb (to May 1945<ref>Robb became AOC RAF Fighter Command.</ref>)	File:James Milne Robb, cropped from Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force- Personalities TR2632.jpg	Template:Air force
	Air Vice Marshal Roderick Carr (from June 1945)	File:Air Mshl Sir Roderick Carr.jpg
Ground forces commanders	Field Marshal<ref>from 1 September 1944 when he was promoted from general.</ref> Sir Bernard Montgomery	File:General Sir Bernard Montgomery in England, 1943 TR1037 (cropped).jpg	Template:Army 21st Army Group
	Lieutenant General Omar Bradley	File:General of the Army Omar Bradley.jpg	Template:Army 12th Army Group (activated 14 July 1944)
	Lieutenant General Jacob L. Devers	File:GEN Jacob L. Devers.jpg	Template:Army 6th Army Group (activated 29 July 1944)
Air Force Commander-in-Chief	Air Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory	File:Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, KCB, DSO, 1944 TR2625.jpg	Template:Air force AEAF
Deputy Air Force Commander-in-Chief	Major General Hoyt Vandenberg	File:Hoyt S Vandenberg.jpg	United States Army Air Forces
Naval Forces Commander	Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay.<ref name="Unity of Command">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay TR2626.jpg	Template:Navy
French Representative	General Marie-Pierre Kœnig	File:Marie-Pierre Kœnig.jpg	Template:Flagicon French Liberation Army
Soviet Representative	General Ivan Susloparov	File:Ivan Susloparov.jpg	Template:Flagicon Red Army

Additionally

• Secretary, General Staff: Colonel Ford Trimble
• G-1 (Personnel): Major General Ray Barker
• G-2 (Intelligence): Major General John Whiteley,<ref>until Brooke released Strong; Whitely then became deputy to G3.</ref> then Major General Kenneth Strong
• G-3 (Operations) : Major General Harold Bull
• G-4 (Logistics): Major General Robert Crawford
• G-5: (Civil/Military Operations) Major General Sir Roger Lumley then Lieutenant General Arthur Edward Grasett
• Services of Supply/Communications Zone: Lieutenant General John C. H. Lee

Political officers

• Ambassador William Phillips (US)
• Mr. Charles Peake (UK)
• Mr. Christopher Steel (UK)
• Mr. Samuel Reber (US)
• Ambassador Robert Daniel Murphy (US)

Missions

SHAEF Missions<ref>Forrest C. Pogue European Theater of Operations: The Supreme Command, Appendix C, Roster of Key Officers SHAEF United States Army in World War II via Hyperwar Foundation.</ref>

Nation		Name	Branch	Title
Template:Flag	Template:Flag	Major-General George Erskine	Template:Army	Head of the Mission
		Col. John B. Sherman	Template:Army	Deputy for Belgium
		Col. F. E. Fraser		Deputy for Luxembourg
Template:Flag		Major General John Taylor Lewis		Head of the Mission
		Major-General Harold Redman	Template:Army	Deputy Head of the Mission
Template:Flag		Major-General John George Walters Clark	Template:Army	Head of the Mission
		Brigadier General George P. Howell	Template:Army	Deputy Head of the Mission
Template:Flag		Major-general R. H. Dewing	Template:Army	Head
		Col. Ford Trimble	Template:Army	Deputy
Template:Flag		General Sir Andrew Thorne	Template:Army	Head
		Col. Charles H. Wilson	Template:Army	Deputy

Post-World War II successors

After the surrender of Germany, SHAEF was dissolved on 14 July 1945.

American

With respect to the U.S. forces, it was replaced by U.S. Forces, European Theater (USFET).<ref name="lecture"/> USFET was reorganized as EUCOM (European Command, not to be confused with the present-day United States European Command) on 15 March 1947.<ref name="lecture"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

1948–1951: Western Union

The 1948–1951 Western Union Defence Organization's (WUDO) command structure was largely patterned on SHAEF's structure.<ref name=Maloney>Template:Cite book</ref>

1951–present: Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe/Allied Command Operations

Starting in April 1951 when the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) cannibalised WUDO, it was put under the command of Supreme Allied Commander Europe Dwight D. Eisenhower in Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE; Allied Command Europe [ACE]), comprising many of the same allies that were part of SHAEF. WUDO, followed by SHAPE, were in many respects the successors to SHAEF.

SHAPE is currently the headquarters of NATO's Allied Command Operations (ACO). Since 1967 it has been located at Casteau, north of the Belgian city of Mons,<ref>SHAPE, 7010 Casteau Belgium {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but it had previously been located, from 1953, at Rocquencourt, next to Versailles, France.

From 1951 to 2003, SHAPE was the headquarters of Allied Command Europe (ACE). Since 2003 it has been the headquarters of ACO, controlling all NATO operations worldwide.

2017–present: Military Planning and Conduct Capability

The European Union has established a Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC), which is due to gain more tasks and may rival SHAPE's dominance as the primary forum for multinational European missions. Template:Citation needed

Notes and references

References

• Winters, Major Dick, with Cole C. Kingseed (2006). Beyond Band of Brothers: The War Memoirs of Major Dick Winters. Berkley Hardcover. Template:ISBN., p. 210.
• Template:Citation

External links

• Records of Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• Papers of Ernest R. "Tex" Lee, military aide to General Eisenhower, 1942–1945, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• Papers of Thor Smith, Public Relations Division, SHAEF, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
• Daily Battle Communiques, SHAEF, June 6, 1944 – May 7, 1945, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
• BBC WW2 People's War article on Uxbridge SHAEF and London Bushey