Sabines

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Amiternum, an ancient city founded by the Sabines

Map showing the location of the Sabines. The border with Latium to the south was the Aniene river; however, it is possible that Sabines extended to Lake Regillus slightly to the south of it near Gabii.

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The Sabines (Template:IPAc-en, Template:Respell, Template:IPAc-en, Template:Respell;<ref>Template:Cite LPD</ref> Template:Langx ) were an Italic people who lived in the central Apennine Mountains (see Sabina) of the ancient Italian Peninsula, also inhabiting Latium north of the Anio before the founding of Rome.

The Sabines divided into two populations just after the founding of Rome, which is described by Roman legend. The division, however it came about, is not legendary. The population closer to Rome transplanted itself to the new city and united with the preexisting citizenry, beginning a new heritage that descended from the Sabines but was also Latinized. The second population remained a mountain tribal state, coming finally to war against Rome for its independence along with all the other Italic tribes. Afterwards, it became assimilated into the Roman Republic.

EtymologyEdit

The Sabines derived directly from the ancient Umbrians and belonged to the same ethnic group as the Samnites and the Sabelli, as attested by the common ethnonyms of Safineis (in ancient Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and by the toponyms safinim and safina (at the origin of the terms Samnium and Sabinum).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Indo-European root {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} evolved into the word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which later became Safin. From Safinim, Sabinus, Sabellus and Samnis, an Indo-European root can be extracted, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which becomes {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Latino-Faliscan and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in Osco-Umbrian: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.Template:Sfn

At some point in prehistory, a population speaking a common language extended over both Samnium and Umbria. Salmon conjectures that it was common Italic and puts forward a date of 600 BC, after which the common language began to separate into dialects. This date does not necessarily correspond to any historical or archaeological evidence; developing a synthetic view of the ethnology of proto-historic Italy is an incomplete and ongoing task.Template:Sfn

Linguist Julius Pokorny carries the etymology somewhat further back. Conjecturing that the -a- was altered from an -o- during some prehistoric residence in Illyria, he derives the names from an o-grade extension *swo-bho- of an extended e-grade *swe-bho- of the possessive adjective, *s(e)we-, of the reflexive pronoun, *se-, "oneself" (the source of English self). The result is a set of Indo-European tribal names (if not the endonym of the Indo-Europeans): Germanic Suebi and Semnones, Suiones; Celtic Senones; Slavic Serbs and Sorbs; Italic Sabelli, Sabini, etc., as well as a large number of kinship terms.Template:Sfn

LanguageEdit

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There is little record of the Sabine language; however, there are some glosses by ancient commentators, and one or two inscriptions have been tentatively identified as Sabine. There are also personal names in use on Latin inscriptions from the Sabine country, but these are given in Latin form. Robert Seymour Conway, in his Italic Dialects, gives approximately 100 words which vary from being well-attested as Sabine to being possibly of Sabine origin. In addition to these he cites place names derived from the Sabine, sometimes giving attempts at reconstructions of the Sabine form.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Based on all the evidence, the Linguist List tentatively classifies Sabine as a member of the Umbrian group of Italic languages of the Indo-European family, while Glottolog classifies it as an Old Sabellic dialect alongside South Picene and Pre-Samnite.

Historical geographyEdit

Latin-speakers called the Sabines' original territory, straddling the modern regions of Lazio, Umbria, and Abruzzo, Sabinum. Template:As of, it bears the ancient tribe's name in the Italian form of Sabina. Within the modern region of Lazio (or Latium), Sabina constitutes a sub-region, situated north-east of Rome, around Rieti.

HistoryEdit

Origin and early historyEdit

The Sabines settled in Sabinum, around the tenth century BC, founding the cities of Reate, Trebula Mutuesca and Cures Sabini.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Dionysius of Halicarnassus mentions the Sabines in relation to the Aborigines, from whom they allegedly stole their capital Lista, with a surprise war action starting from Amiternum.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Ancient historians debated the specific origins of the Sabines. According to Strabo the Sabines, after a long war with the Umbrians, migrated to the land of the Opici, following the ancient Italic rite of the Ver Sacrum. The Sabines then drove out the Opici and encamped in that region.<ref>Strabo, Geography, book 5, 7 BCE, p. 250, Alexandria,</ref> Zenodotus of Troezen claimed that the Sabines were originally Umbrians that changed their name after being driven from the Reatine territory by the Pelasgians. Porcius Cato argued that the Sabines were a populace named after Sabus, the son of Sancus (a divinity of the area sometimes called Jupiter Fidius).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In another account mentioned in Dionysius's work, a group of Lacedaemonians fled Sparta since they regarded the laws of Lycurgus as too severe. In Italy, they founded the Spartan colony of Foronia (near the Pomentine plains) and some from that colony settled among the Sabines. According to the account, the Sabine habits of belligerence and frugality were known to have derived from the Spartans.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Plutarch also mentions, in the Life of Numa Pompilius, "Sabines, who declare themselves to be a colony of the Lacedaemonians". Plutarch also wrote that the Pythagoras of Sparta, who was Olympic victor in the foot-race, helped Numa arrange the government of the city and many Spartan customs introduced by him to the Numa and the people.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

At RomeEdit

Legend of the Sabine womenEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Legend says that the Romans abducted Sabine women to populate the newly built Rome. The resultant war ended only by the women throwing themselves and their children between the armies of their fathers and their husbands. The Rape of the Sabine Women became a common motif in art; the women ending the war is a less frequent but still reappearing motif.

According to Livy, after the conflict, the Sabine and Roman states merged, and the Sabine king Titus Tatius jointly ruled Rome with Romulus until Tatius' death five years later. Three new centuries of Equites were introduced at Rome, including one named Tatienses, after the Sabine king.

A variation of the story is recounted in the pseudepigraphal Sefer haYashar (see Jasher 17:1–15).

TraditionsEdit

Tradition suggests that the population of the early Roman kingdom was the result of a union of Sabines and others. Some of the gentes of the Roman republic were proud of their Sabine heritage, such as the Claudia gens, assuming Sabinus as a cognomen or agnomen. Some specifically Sabine deities and cults were known at Rome: Semo Sancus and Quirinus, and at least one area of the town, the Quirinale, where the temples to those latter deities were located, had once been a Sabine centre. The extravagant claims of Varro and Cicero that augury, divination by dreams and the worship of Minerva and Mars originated with the Sabines are disputable, as they were general Italic and Latin customs, as well as Etruscan, even though they were espoused by Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome and a Sabine.<ref name=smith_sabini>Template:Cite encyclopedia Template:ISBN?</ref>

ReligionEdit

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Sabine godsEdit

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File:Sancus.png

Statue of Semo Sancus from his shrine on the Quirinal

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Angitia
Diana Template:Efn
Feronia Template:Efn
Fortuna Template:Efn
Fons Template:Efn
Fides Template:Efn Template:Efn<ref>Woodard, Roger D. Indo-European Sacred Space: Vedic and Roman cult. p 184.Template:When</ref>
Flora Template:Efn
Herentas Template:Small<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
the Lares Template:Small Template:Efn
Larunda Template:Efn
Lucina Template:Efn
Luna Template:Efn
Mamers Template:Efn Template:Efn
Mefitis
Minerva Template:Efn
the Novensides<ref>Or Novensiles: the spelling -d- for -l- is characteristic of the Sabine language</ref>Template:Efn Template:Small
Ops Template:Efn
Pales Template:Efn
Quirinus Template:Efn
Sabus
Salus Template:Efn
Sancus
Saturn Template:Efn
Sol Template:Efn
Soranus Template:Efn
Strenia
Summanus Template:Efn Template:Efn
Terminus Template:Efn
Vacuna
Vediovis Template:Efn Template:Efn
Vortumnus Template:Efn
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Vulcan Template:Efn

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Many of these deities were shared with the Etruscan religion, and were also adopted into the derivative Samnite and ancient Roman religion. Roman author Varro, who was himself of Sabine origin, gives a list of Sabine gods who were adopted by the Romans.<ref name=Varro>Varro, De Lingua Latina 5.74</ref> Elsewhere, Varro claims Sol Indiges – who had a sacred grove at Lavinium – as Sabine but at the same time equates him with Apollo.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Rehak, Paul (2006). Imperium and Cosmos: Augustus and the northern Campus Martius. University of Wisconsin Press. p 94.</ref> Of those listed, he writes, "several names have their roots in both languages, as trees that grow on a property line creep into both fields. Saturn, for instance, can be said to have another origin here, and so too Diana."Template:Efn

Varro makes various claims for Sabine origins throughout his works, some more plausible than others, and his list should not be taken at face value.<ref>Clark, Anna. (2007). Divine Qualities: Cult and community in republican Rome. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp 37–38;
Dench, Emma. (2005). Romulus' Asylum: Roman Identities from the Age of Alexander to the Age of Hadrian. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp 317–318.</ref> But the importance of the Sabines in the early cultural formation of Rome is evidenced, for instance, by the bride abduction of the Sabine women by Romulus's men, and in the Sabine ethnicity of Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, to whom are attributed many of Rome's religious and legal institutions.<ref>Fowler, W.W. (1922). The Religious Experience of the Roman People. London, UK. p 108.</ref> Varro, however, says that the altars to most of these gods were established at Rome by King Tatius as the result of a vow (votum).Template:Efn

StateEdit

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During the expansion of ancient Rome, there were a series of conflicts with the Sabines. Manius Curius Dentatus conquered the Sabines in 290 BC. The citizenship without the right of suffrage was given to the Sabines in the same year.<ref>Velleius Paterculus 1.14.6</ref> The right of suffrage was granted to the Sabines in 268 BC.<ref>Velleius Paterculus 1.14.7</ref>

Prominent SabinesEdit

Gentes of Sabine originEdit

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Romans of Sabine ancestryEdit

Titus Tatius, legendary King of the Sabines
Numa Pompilius, legendary King of Rome
Ancus Marcius, legendary King of Rome
Quintus Sertorius, republican general
Sextus Vettulenus Cerialis, Roman senator, military commander, and first legate of Judea
Attius Clausus, founder of the Roman Claudia gens
Gaius Sallustius Crispus, Roman writer
Marcus Terentius Varro, Roman scholar
Vespasian, Roman emperor and founder of the Flavian dynasty

GalleryEdit

Sabini adriatici, corredo dalla tomba femminile 119 di campovalano (campli), VII-VI secolo ac ca.jpg

Grave goods 7th-6th century BC
Sabini adriatici, ornamenti dalla tomba femminile 10 di case pecci (tortoreto), 810-700 ac ca., pettorale in bronzo e ambra.jpg

Bronze and amber jewellery, c. 800-700 BC
Sabini adriatici, ornamenti dalla tomba femminile 33 di case pecci (tortoreto), 810-700 ac ca., collana a 8 fili.jpg

Jewellery, c. 800-700 BC
Sabini adriatici, ornamenti dalla tomba femminile 33 di case pecci (tortoreto), 810-700 ac ca., collana con pendenti a occhiali e fibula.jpg

Ornaments, c. 800-700 BC
Sabini adriatici, ornamenti dalla tomba femminile 33 di case pecci (tortoreto), 810-700 ac ca., fibula a disco con arco foliato.jpg

Ornaments, c. 800-700 BC
Sabini adriatici, ornamenti dalla tomba femminile 33 di case pecci (tortoreto), 810-700 ac ca., pendagli a spirale in bronzo.jpg

Bronze ornaments, c. 800-700 BC

Notes and referencesEdit

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

AncientEdit

Ovid, Fasti (Book III, 167–258)
Ovid, Ars Amatoria (Book I, 102)
Livy, Ab urbe condita (Book I, 9–14)
Cicero, De Republica (Book II, 12–14)
Plutarch, Parallel Lives (Romulus, 14–20)
Juvenal, Satires (Book III, 81–85)
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ModernEdit

External linksEdit

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