Sac spider

The sac spiders of the family ClubionidaeTemplate:Efn are nocturnal, sac-building hunting spiders with a near-worldwide distribution. Their sacs, silken retreats in which they hide during the day, may be made in a variety of places, including between folded leaves or grass blades, under bark and below rocks or other ground litter.<ref name="serket">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Although formerly a much larger catch-all taxon, in its current definition the family contains less than 700 described species across 18 genera, of which Clubiona is by far most species-rich, with 528 accepted species Template:As of.<ref name="NMBE-clubiona">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Taxonomy

The Clubionidae have a complex taxonomic history. Historically, the family was a large catch-all taxon for a variety of spiders that shared the following morphological and behavioral similarities: having eight eyes arranged in two rows; having conical anterior spinnerets that touched; and being nocturnal wandering predators that build "sacs" to retreat to during the day.Template:Cn

A large number of genera have been transferred from Clubionidae to other families, and several former subfamilies of the Clubionidae are now treated as separate families.<ref name="NMBE">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Zoropsidae, to which genera Anachemmis, Lauricius and Liocranoides were transferred, is much more closely related to the lynx spiders of family Oxyopidae than to the remaining Clubionidae.<ref name="Kulkarni-2023">Template:Cite journal</ref>

According to 2023 cladistic research by Siddharth Kulkarni, Hannah M. Wood and Gustavo Hormiga, the remaining Clubionidae remain polyphyletic as a result of the current placement of genus Elaver.<ref name="Kulkarni-2023"/>

Genera

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:As of, the Clubionidae consist of over 665 species in 18 genera worldwide,<ref name="NMBE-family-detail">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with by far the majority of species in genus Clubiona. The following genera are accepted by the World Spider Catalog:<ref name="NMBE-genus-list">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

• Arabellata Baert, Versteirt & Jocqué, 2010 — New Guinea
• Bucliona Benoit, 1977 — St. Helena, Kenya, Russian Far East, Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan
• Clubiona Latreille, 1804 — Africa, North America, Asia, Oceania, South America, Europe, Panama
• Clubionina Berland, 1947 — St. Paul Is.
• Elaver O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 — North America, Caribbean, Central America, South America, Philippines
• Femorbiona Yu & Li, 2021 — China, Vietnam
• Invexillata Versteirt, Baert & Jocqué, 2010 — New Guinea
• Malamatidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia
• Matidia Thorell, 1878 — Asia, Papua New Guinea
• Nusatidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Asia
• Porrhoclubiona Lohmander, 1944 — Asia, Africa, Europe
• Pristidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia
• Pteroneta Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Asia, Australia
• Ramosatidia Yu & Li, 2021 — China
• Scopalio Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia
• Simalio Simon, 1897 — Asia, Trinidad
• Sinostidia Yu & Li, 2021 — China
• Tixcocoba Gertsch, 1977 — Mexico

Additionally, the World Spider Catalog considers Carteroniella Strand, 1907 to be a nomen dubium.<ref name="NMBE-Carteroniella">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See also

• List of Clubionidae species

External links

• Family Anyphaenidae Sac spiders, ghost spiders
• Australian sac spiders, family Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Miturgidae, Corinnidae
• [1]
• [2]