Saddle-billed stork
Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox The saddle-billed stork or saddlebill (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis) is a large wading bird in the stork family, Ciconiidae. It is a widespread species which is a resident breeder in sub-Saharan Africa from Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya south to South Africa, and in The Gambia, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire and Chad in west Africa.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is considered endangered in South Africa.
It is a close relative of the widespread Asian and Australian black-necked stork, the only other member of the genus Ephippiorhynchus.
DescriptionEdit
The saddle-billed stork is a huge bird that regularly attains a height of Template:Convert, a length of Template:Convert and a Template:Convert wingspan.<ref>Borrow, N., & Demey, R. (2013). Birds of Senegal and the Gambia. Bloomsbury Publishing.</ref> While heights published have been in the aforementioned narrow range, reportedly adult saddle-billed storks in captivity can attain a height of up to Template:Convert.<ref>Womack, D. Dallas Zoo, AZA Saddle-billed Stork SSP Coordinator and Regional Studbook Keeper.</ref> The male is larger and heavier than the female, with a range of Template:Convert, with a mean mass of Template:Convert. The female is usually between Template:Convert, with a mean mass of Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Among the large storks, the saddle-billed broadly overlap in size with the two larger Leptoptilos and the Jabiru stork but possesses a longer, more slender neck and slightly longer legs than the other largest storks, so the saddle-billed is likely to be the tallest extant species of the family.<ref name= Hancock/> Its extremely long legs measure up to Template:Convert) in tarsus length. The long bill measures from Template:Convert.<ref name= Hancock>Hancock & Kushan, Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. Princeton University Press (1992), Template:ISBN</ref> The sexes can be readily distinguished by the golden yellow irises of the female and the brown irises and dangling yellow wattles of the male. It is therefore one of the few storks to display sexual dimorphism in colour.<ref name= BOTW>Elliott, A., E. F. J. Garcia, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Saddle-billed Stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.</ref>
It is spectacularly plumaged; both the female and male appear identical when perched but the female shows much more white in the primaries in flight. The head, neck, back, wings, and tail are iridescent black, with the rest of the body and the primary flight feathers being white. Juveniles are browner grey in plumage. The massive bill is red with a black band and a yellow frontal shield (the "saddle"). The legs and feet are black with pink hocks. On the chest is a bare red patch of skin, whose colour darkens during breeding season.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Template:Small</ref>
BehaviourEdit
The saddle-billed stork is silent except for bill-clattering at the nest. Like most storks, it flies with the neck outstretched, not retracted like a heron; in flight, the large heavy bill is kept drooping somewhat below belly height, giving it a distinctive appearance. This makes it easily recognizable, even if seen from a distance. It has been suggested that due to the large size and unusual appearance in flight, this species is the basis for the "big bird" and kongamato cryptids.
HabitatEdit
At the continental scale, the saddle-billed stork prefers protected areas that have a higher extent of open water compared to areas without other storks.<ref name=":0" /> Some of these trends may, however, be due to a bias in coverage by ornithologists of safer areas such as national parks and protected swamps that afford easier accessibility and comforts.
BreedingEdit
The saddle-billed stork is a solitary nester, building massive nest platforms that are used repeatedly in successive seasons. Unlike many other storks, this species is often seen in pairs in the nonbreeding season suggesting a lifelong pair bond.<ref name = >Kahl, M. P. "Comparative ethology of the Ciconiidae. Part 6. The black-necked, saddlebill, and jabiru storks (genera Xenorhynchus, Ephippiorhynchus, and Jabiru)." The Condor 75.1 (1973): 17-27.</ref> It breeds in forested wetlands and other floodplains in tropical lowlands. It builds a large, deep stick nest in a tree, laying one to five (typically two or three)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> white eggs weighing about Template:Cvt each. The incubation period is 30–35 days, with another 70–100 days before the chicks fledge, with the young often remaining in the parents' territory until the next breeding season.<ref name=oiseaux>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Food and feedingEdit
The saddle-billed stork searches for prey by stabbing its bill into the water, catching prey by contact, and in the same way into mud and vegetation. It also hunts by visual detection. In one study with 255 minutes of observation, 71% of successful catches were due to visual foraging, and 29% due to tactile foraging.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It usually feeds on aquatic prey such as fish, lungfish (Protopterus spp.), and catfish (Clarias spp.), up to Template:Convert in weight.<ref name="Hancock" /> It swallows the fish head first and then drinks some water.<ref name="Gula">Gula, J. (2021). Saddle-billed Stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), version 2.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman and B. K. Keeney, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.sabsto1.02</ref> In the case of large fish prey, the fish is often taken to the shore where pectoral fins may be clipped off before the fish is swallowed head first.<ref>Morris, A. (1979). Saddlebill fishing methods. Honeyguide 98:33.</ref> The saddle-billed stork opportunistically catches other prey such as frogs, snails, small mammals, birds, snakes, and insects such as grasshoppers, termites, and water beetles.<ref name="Gula" /> In an unusual case, a saddle-billed stork killed and consumed a red-billed Duck (Anas erythrorhyncha) and a spitting cobra (Naja mossambica). An unsuccessful attack on the slender mongoose (Galerella sanguinea) has been reported.<ref name="Gula" />
Relation to Ancient Egyptian cultureEdit
The saddle-billed stork is represented in an Ancient Egyptian hieroglyph (Gardiner G29) that had the phonetic value "bꜣ": <hiero>G29</hiero><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Its description is often erroneously given as "jabiru", which is a South American relative. The Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba incorporated this hieroglyph in his name (Jiménez Serrano 2002). The first depictions of the species come from depictions during the Late Predynastic Period (pre-3150 B.C.), and trends in depictions have been useful to deduce a decline in the species' range from ancient Egypt likely due to intensifying urbanisation and an increasingly arid climate (c. 2686–2181 BC).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0" />
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Barlow, Clive (1997): A field guide to birds of the Gambia and Senegal. Pica Press, Nr. Robertsbridge (East Sussex). Template:ISBN
- Jiménez Serrano, Alejandro (2002): Royal Festivals in the Late Predynastic Period and the First Dynasty. British Archaeological Reports (International Series) 1076. Template:ISBN
External linksEdit
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- Saddle-billed Stork – The Atlas of Southern African Birds