Safari
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A safari (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Etymology originally Template:Etymology) is an overland journey to observe wild animals, especially in East Africa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The so-called "Big Five" game animals of Africa – lion, leopard, rhinoceros, elephant, and Cape buffalo – particularly form an important part of the safari market, both for wildlife viewing and big-game hunting.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
EtymologyEdit
The Swahili word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} means "journey", originally from the Arabic noun Template:Langx, meaning "journey",<ref>Hans Wehr Arabic-English Dictionary
The noun safar is in turn derived from the Arabic verb safara, from the root s-f-r.</ref> "travel", "trip", or "tour"; the verb for "to travel" in Swahili is {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. These words are used for any type of journey, e.g., by bus from Nairobi to Mombasa or by ferry from Dar es Salaam to Unguja. Safari entered the English language at the end of the 1850s thanks to explorer Richard Francis Burton.<ref>Template:Cite OED
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The Regimental March of the King's African Rifles was "Funga Safari", literally 'set out on a journey', or, in other words, pack up equipment ready for travel.
Which is, in English:
On Kenya's independence from the United Kingdom, "Funga Safari" was retained as the Regimental March of the Kenya Rifles, the successor to the KAR.
HistoryEdit
The origins of safari can be traced back to the first arrivals of Europeans and Arabs in Africa, long before the colonization era, but the big history of it began in the 19th century, when academic and economic interest to Africa increased in Western society, and technological advances and medicine (most notably the discovery of quinine as a remedy against malaria) allowed foreigners to step up deep into the continent safely enough. These expeditions established the concept of safari-style travel. While the goal of most was geographical discovery, the search for minerals and new routes of communication, others were primarily aimed at hunting animals, and elephant tusks at the first.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 1836, William Cornwallis Harris led an expedition to observe and record wildlife and landscapes. Harris established the safari style of journey, starting with a not-too-strenuous rising at first light, an energetic day walking, an afternoon rest, and concluding with a formal dinner and telling stories in the evening over drinks and tobacco.<ref>pp.6–7 Balfour, Daryl & Balfour, Sharna Simply Safari Struik, 2001</ref> The hunting aspect traditionally associated with the safari is said to have its origins in the early 17th century in the region of Évora, Alentejo, where villagers got together to hunt wild boar and reclaim land for farming.Template:Citation needed
The firm of Newland & Tarlton Ltd (founded 1904) pioneered luxury tented safaris.<ref>In the Spirit of Roosevelt Template:Webarchive; Newland & Tarlton Ltd</ref>
Literary genreEdit
Jules Verne's first novel Five Weeks in a Balloon published in 1863 and H. Rider Haggard's first novel King Solomon's Mines published in 1885, both describe journeys of English travellers on safari and were best sellers in their day. These two books gave rise to a genre of Safari adventure novels and films.Template:Citation needed
Ernest Hemingway wrote several fiction and nonfiction pieces about African safaris. His short stories "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber" and "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" are set on African safaris and were written after Hemingway's own experience on safari. His books Green Hills of Africa and True at First Light are both set on African safaris.
Cinematic genreEdit
The safari provided countless hours of cinema entertainment in sound films from Trader Horn (1931) onwards. The safari was used in many adventure films such as the Tarzan, Jungle Jim, and Bomba the Jungle Boy film series up to The Naked Prey (1965) where Cornel Wilde, a white hunter, becomes game himself. The safari genre films were parodied in the Bob Hope comedies Road to Zanzibar and Call Me Bwana. A short 15-minute helicopter safari was shown in Africa Addio, where clients are armed, flown from their hotel, and landed in front of an unlucky and baffled elephant. Out of Africa has Karen Blixen and famous hunter Denys Finch Hatton travelling, with Denys refusing to abandon home comforts using fine china and crystal, and listening to Mozart recordings over the gramophone while on safari trip.
FashionEdit
The safari style originated from British officers and the jackets worn during their campaigns in Africa.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref> There is a particular theme or style associated with the word, which includes khaki clothing, belted bush jackets, pith helmets or slouch hats, and animal skin patterns. Pith helmet was initially worn by the British military in the tropics and was adopted as streetwear between 1870 and 1950.<ref name="Wrong">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Condé Nast describes safari jackets as, "crisp drill cotton with pockets, buttons, epaulets, belt", and a part of Kenyan colonial style.<ref name="Wrong"/>
For Theodore Roosevelt's 1909–1910 safari trip, he was "outfitted" in safari-style by his friend Lord Cranworth during his post-presidential trip.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Lord Cranworth's firm, Newland & Tarlton, is a luxury safari outfitter, creating safari-style clothing.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Additionally, other sources state Roosevelt was outfitted by Willis & Geiger in 1908.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hemingway, like Roosevelt on safari, chose to use British style rifles produced by Holland & Holland or Westley Richards.<ref name="Wrong"/> Within Hollywood, celebrities like Grace Kelly and Johnny Weissmuller wore safari jackets.<ref name="Wrong"/> Ernest Hemingway wore safari-style jackets, communicating a form of adventure also echoed in Hollywood.<ref name="Wrong"/> According to Conde Nast, the Safari jacket is still a part of contemporary fashion.<ref name="Wrong"/>
In the 2005 spring/summer edition of British Vogue, an article titled "World Vision: the grown-up approach to global style" featured haute safari style clothing.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Contemporary American public figures such as Melania Trump have worn safari fashion. Mrs. Trump wore a safari-style dress and jackets during her 2018 trip to Africa.<ref name="Friedman">Template:Cite news</ref> On this trip Mrs. Trump went on a safari in Kenya, she wore a pith helmet. Some have criticized the choice as evoking colonial ideals.<ref name="Friedman"/> In 2014, Harper's Bazaar announced trend alerts featuring animal prints and a “safari sleek" style.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Couture designers in their 2015 fashion shows featured variations of safari-style in their collections. Designer Yang Lei featured a silk safari-style evening gown in his Spring/Summer collection during Paris Fashion Week.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Alexander Wang's collection focused on a variety of white shirts, including a safari-style white shirt dress.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The New York Times described designer Alberta Ferretti's 2015 daywear collection as "safari-sleek".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In John Molloy's history of the leisure suit, he details that safari-style originated from British Officers wearing their uniforms outside military uses as "a status symbol, but only in casual settings."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Molloy stated in 1975 that it continues to be a form of casual menswear.<ref name=":3" /> Alternatively, in Malindi Kenya, professional wear in the 1990s included safari-style clothing.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Yves Saint Laurent's 1967 Africa collection featured the "Saharienne" safari jacket.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> In later collections, Yves Saint Laurent produced an iconic safari top.<ref name=":1" /> According to Harper's Bazaar, the collection was "a fantasy of primitive genius."<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref> On the other hand, differing fashion historians believe He had the gift of borrowing from one culture without being condescending to the other.<ref name=":2" />
The term safari chic arose after the release of the film Out of Africa.<ref>p.175 Bickford-Smith, Vivian & Mendelsohn, Richard Black and White in Colour: African History on Screen James Currey Publishers</ref> It included not only clothing but also interior design and architecture.<ref>Gibbs, Bibi Jordan Safari Chic: Wild Exteriors and Polished Interiors of Africa Smith Publisher, 2000</ref> Safari-style interiors feature African decor,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> various hues of brown, natural materials,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> animal print furniture, rugs and wallpaper.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2005 Architectural Digest released a list of luxurious safari camps.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Newland, Tarlton & Co. Furniture Collection, creates luxury safari-style furniture in featured safari camps, hotels and private homes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> Safari fashion also extends to fragrance collections by American designer Ralph Lauren; The Safari fragrance created in 1990 was advertised as "a floral aroma with a light breeze scented by grasses, freedom, and the romance of vast open spaces."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
See alsoEdit
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External linksEdit
Template:Tourism Template:Adventure travel Template:Hunting topics