Sahelian kingdoms

File:Sahel Map-Africa rough.png

The Sahel forms a belt up to 1,000 km wide, spanning Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea.

Template:Main article The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of centralized kingdoms or empires that were centered on the Sahel, the area of grasslands south of the Sahara, from the 8th century to the 19th. The wealth of the states came from controlling the trade routes across the desert. Their power came from having large pack animals like camels and horses that were fast enough to keep a large empire under central control and were also useful in such kind of battle. All of these empires were also quite decentralized with member cities having a great deal of autonomy.

The Sahel states were limited from expanding south into the forest zone of the Bono and Yoruba as mounted warriors were all but useless in the forests and the horses and camels could not survive the diseases of the region.

Economy

File:Great Mosque of Djenné 1.jpg

The Great Mosque of Djenne, Mali

There were integrated kingdoms and empires, with substantial cities and significant towns; and less organised territories with large scattered populations. People practised agriculture, stock-rearing, hunting, fishing, and crafts (metalworking, textiles, ceramics). They navigated along rivers and across lakes, traded over short and long distances, and used their own currencies.

History of Sahel kingdoms

File:Geschichte des Kostüms (1905) (14580574910).jpg

Ethnic groups in the Sahel

• The first major state to rise in this region was the Ghana Empire. Established in c. the 3rd century, it was centered in what is today Senegal and Mauritania. Ghana grew wealthy through the trans-Saharan trade routes linking Aoudaghost with Tahert and Sijilmasa in north Africa following the introduction of the camel to the western Sahel in the 3rd century AD. Ghana was the first to benefit from the introduction of pack animals by Wolof traders. Ghana dominated the region between the 3rd century and the 13th century. Smaller states in the region at this time included Takrur to the west, the Malinke kingdom of Mali to the south, and the Songhai centred on Gao to the east.
• When Ghana collapsed in the face of invasion from the Almoravids and conquest by the Sosso Empire; after 1235, the Mali Empire rose to dominate the region, which traded with Bono state at the far south. Located on the Niger River to the west of Ghana in what is today Niger and Mali, it reached its peak in the 1350s, but had lost control of a number of vassal states by 1400.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• The most powerful of these states was the Songhai Empire, which expanded rapidly beginning with king Sonni Ali in the 1460s. By 1500, it had risen to stretch from Cameroon to the Maghreb, the largest state in African history. Its territory diminished to cover only the Dendi province in 1591 as a result of the invasion by the Saadi Dynasty of Morocco. The empire collapsed in 1901 when the French deposed the last askia.
• Far to the east, on Lake Chad, the state of Kanem-Bornu, founded as Kanem in the 9th century, now rose to greater preeminence in the central Sahel region. To their west, the loosely united Hausa city-states became dominant. These two states coexisted uneasily, but were quite stable.
• In 1810, the Sokoto Caliphate rose and conquered the Hausa, creating a more centralized state. It and Kanem-Bornu would continue to exist.

Maps

• African-civilizations-map-imperial.png

  African states between 500 BCE and 1500 CE

• African slave trade.png

  The main slave trade routes in Africa during the Middle Ages.

• Trans-Saharan routes early.svg

  Trade routes of the western Saharan Desert, Template:Circa. Goldfields are indicated by light brown shading.

• Ghana empire map.png

  The Ghana Empire at its greatest extent, Template:Circa

• Ghana successor map 1200.png

  The successor states to the Ghana Empire c. 1200

• Kanem-Bornu.svg

  Influence of the Kanem Empire c. 1200

• MALI empire map.PNG

  Extent of the Mali Empire, c. 1350

• WestAfrica1350-en.svg

  Approximate extent of the Mali Empire, next to the Songhai Empire, c. 1350

• Wolof Empire states.svg

  Constituent states of the Wolof Empire.

• Wolof Empire.jpg

  Constituent states of the Wolof Empire, c. 1400

• EthniesSénégal.jpg

  lang}} (1853): an ethnic map of Senegal at the time of French colonialism. The pre-colonial states of Baol, Sine and Saloum are arrayed along the southwest coast, with the inland areas marked "Peuple Sérère".

• SONGHAI empire map.PNG

  The Songhai Empire, c. 1500

• Bornu15century.jpg

  Bornu Empire territory by 1500

• WestAfrica1530-en.svg

  The Mali Empire, the Songhai Empire and Mossi kingdoms, 1530

• TombouctouPachalik 4.png

  Map of the Pashalik of Timbuktu (yellow-striped) as part of the Saadi dynasty of Morocco (outlined black) within the Songhai Empire (outlined red), c. 1591

• WestAfrica1625.png

  The Mali Empire and surrounding states, c. 1625

• Guillaume Delisle Senegambia 1707.jpg

  Senegambia, c. 1707. Waalo marked as Re. D'Oualle in the upper left.

• CentralEastAfrica1750.png

  Bornu Empire and eastern Sahelian kingdoms, c. 1750

• Bornu map 1750.svg

  The extent of the Bornu Empire, c. 1750

• Southern Sudan - 1800.png

  Shilluk Kingdom (yellow) and its neighbors, c. 1800

• Borno in 1810.svg

  Bornu Empire in 1810

• Fula jihad states map general c1830.png

  The Fulani Jihad States of West Africa, c. 1830

• Sokoto caliphate.png

  Sokoto Caliphate, 19th century

• French west africa.png

  French West Africa (in green) after World War II, and other French possessions (in dark grey).

• Africa slave Regions.svg

  Major slave trading regions of West Africa, 15th–19th centuries

• Triangle trade2.png

  Depiction of the classical model of the triangular trade.

• Triangular trade.jpg

  Depiction of the triangular trade of slaves, sugar, and rum with New England instead of Europe as the third corner.