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Sahih al-Bukhari

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox book Template:Hadith

Template:Transliteration (Template:Langx) is the first hadith collection of the Six Books of Sunni Islam. Compiled by Islamic scholar al-Bukhari (Template:Died in) in the Template:Transliteration format, the work is valued by Sunni Muslims, alongside Template:Transliteration, as the most authentic after the Qur'an.

Al-Bukhari organized the book mostly in the Hijaz at the Sacred Mosque of Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque of Medina and completed the work in Bukhara around 846 (232 AH). The work was examined by his teachers Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ali ibn al-Madini, Yahya ibn Ma'in and others.

ContentEdit

Sources differ on the exact number of hadiths in Sahih al-Bukhari, with definitions of hadith varying from a prophetic tradition or sunnah, or a narration of that tradition. Experts have estimated the number of full-isnad narrations in the Sahih at 7,563, with the number reducing to around 2,600 without considerations to repetitions or different versions of the same hadith. Bukhari chose these narrations from a collection of 600,000 narrations he had collected over 16 years.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="jacb1">Template:Cite book</ref> The narrations are distributed across 97 chapters covering fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), among other subjects. Each chapter contains references to relevant verses from the Quran.<ref name="GulfTimes 2021">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="International Islamic University Malaysia – Garden of Knowledge and Virtue">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It provides proper Islamic guidance in almost all aspects of Muslim life such as the method of performing prayers and other actions of worship directly from Muhammad.

DevelopmentEdit

CollectionEdit

It is reported that Bukhari traveled widely throughout the Abbasid Caliphate from the age of 16. Bukhari found the earlier hadith collections including both ṣaḥīḥ (authentic, sound)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> and hasan narrations. He also found that many of them included daʻīf (weak) narrations. This aroused his interest in compiling hadith whose authenticity was beyond doubt.<ref name=":1" />

What further strengthened his resolve was something his teacher and contemporary hadith scholar Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh had told him. Bukhari narrates, "We were with Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh who said, "If only you would compile a book of only authentic narrations of the Prophet." This suggestion remained in my heart so I began compiling the Sahih." Bukhari also said, "I saw the Prophet in a dream and it was as if I was standing in front of him. In my hand was a fan with which I was protecting him. I asked some dream interpreters, who said to me, 'You will protect him from lies'. This is what compelled me to produce the Sahih."<ref name=":1" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Bukhari imposed four conditions the narrators of a hadith must meet, in order for the narration to be included in his Sahih:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref>

  • being just,
  • possessing strong memory and all the scholars who possess great knowledge of hadith must agree upon the narrators' ability to learn and memorize, along with their reporting techniques,
  • complete isnad without any missing narrators,
  • consecutive narrators in the chain must meet each other.

Bukhari began organizing his book in the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, before moving to the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Bukhari completed writing the book in Bukhara around 846 (232 AH), before showing it to his teachers for examination and verification. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani quoted Abu Jaʿfar al-'Uqaili as saying, "After Bukhari had written the Sahih, he showed it to Ali ibn al-Madini, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Yahya ibn Ma'in as well as others. They examined it and testified to its authenticity with the exception of four hadith." Ibn Hajar then concluded with al-'Uqaili's saying, "And those four are as Bukhari said, they are authentic."<ref>Hady al-Sari, pg. 684.</ref> Bukhari spent the last twenty-four years of his life visiting other cities and scholars, making minor revisions to his book and teaching the hadith he had collected. In every city that Bukhari visited, thousands of people would gather to listen to him recite traditions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

TransmissionEdit

File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage mss 0360 fol 2b-3a.jpg
Single volume of the Sahih al-Bukhari, from the mid-19th century in the Khalili Collection of Islamic Art

Each version of the Sahih is named by its narrator. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani in his book Nukat asserts the number of narrations is the same in each version. There are many books that noted differences between the different versions, the best known being Fath al-Bari. The version transmitted by Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Firabri (died 932), a trusted student of Bukhari, is the most famous version of the Sahih al-Bukhari today. All modern printed version are derived from this version. Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi quoted al-Firabri in History of Baghdad: "About seventy thousand people heard Sahih Bukhari with me." al-Firabri is not the only transmitter of Sahih al-Bukhari. Many others narrated the book, including Ibrahim ibn Ma'qal (died 907), Hammad ibn Shakir (died 923), Mansur Burduzi (died 931) and Husain Mahamili (died 941).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

==== Transmission from Bukhari to present day:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> ==== From later to earlier -

  1. Yemani sheikh Habib al-Jafri/Jifri
  2. Imam Ahmad bin Abd al-Rahman al-Saqqaf
  3. His sheikh Imam Ali bin Muhammad al-Habashi
  4. His sheikh Imam Aidaroos bin Omar al-Habashi
  5. Musnad of Hadhramaut
  6. Nahhat al-Fattah al-Fatir
  7. His sheikh Imam Abdullah bin Ahmad Basudan
  8. His sheikh Mr. Imam Omar bin Abdul Rahman al-Bar
  9. His sheikh Mr. Al-Baqiyya, Hamid bin Omar bin Hamid Al Abi Alawi
  10. His sheikh Abdul Rahman bin Abdullah Belfaqih
  11. His sheikh Al-Musnad Al-Hasan bin Ali Al-Ujaimi and Sheikh Ahmed bin Muhammad Al-Mathili
  12. His sheikh Muhammad bin Alaa Al-Din Al-Babli
  13. Abu Al-Najah Salem bin Muhammad Al-Samhouri
  14. Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Ghaiti
  15. Sheikh al-Islam Zakaria ibn Muhammad al-Ansari
  16. Hafiz Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
  17. Sheikh Ibrahim ibn Ahmad al-Tanukhi and Abd al-Rahim ibn Razin al-Hamwi
  18. Abu al-Fadl Ahmad ibn Abi Talib al-Hajjar
  19. Al-Hussein al-Mubarak al-Zubaidi
  20. Abu Al-Waqt Abdul Awal bin Issa Al-Harawi
  21. Abu Al-Hasan Abdul Rahman bin Al-Muzaffar Al-Daoudi
  22. Abu Muhammad Abdullah bin Ahmed Al-Sarkhasi
  23. Abu Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Yusuf bin Matar Al-Farbari
  24. Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ismail Al-Bukhari

ManuscriptsEdit

The number of extant manuscripts of Sahih Bukhari is difficult to assess. An Islamic Manuscripts catalog published in 1991 by Royal Al Bayt Institute lists 2,327 manuscripts of Bukhari, while a study in 2016 indicates there are more than 1500 manuscripts in Turkey alone.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page reference<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The oldest known copy was written in the year 370 AH/980 CE, according to the narration of al-Mirwazi from al-Farbari. It was first published by the Orientalist Mingana in Cambridge in 1936 CE.<ref name=":4" /><ref>Tareekh at-Turaath by Fu’aad Sizkeen (1/228)</ref>Template:Page reference The oldest complete surviving manuscript is located at Süleymaniye Library which was completed in Al-Andalus on 3rd Sha'ban 550 AH/2nd October 1155 CE. It is based on Abu Dharr’s recension and was compared with several key manuscripts by the scribe and later owners. In 2018, a facsimile edition of the manuscript was published by ISAM.<ref name=":6">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Page reference<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>

Other Notable manuscripts includes a copy written by Al-Ṣadafī on 21 Muharram 508 AH/27th June 1114 CE and another by Ibn Sa'ada in 492 AH/1098-1099 CE of which three out of five volumes survive in National Library of Morocco.<ref name=":4" />Template:Page reference<ref name=":6" />Template:Page reference A manuscript that is hand-transcribed by Shaykh Muhammad ibn Yazdan Bakhsh Bengali in Ekdala, Eastern Bengal is located in Khuda Bakhsh Library. The manuscript was a gift to the Sultan of Bengal Alauddin Husain Shah.<ref name="emd3">Template:Cite book</ref>

CommentariesEdit

File:Fathul Bari bisyarhi Shahih al-Bukhari Imam Khairul Annas.JPG
Fath al-Bari by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani

The number of detailed commentaries on the Sahih are numbered around 400,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ibn Khaldun said: “Explaining Sahih al-Bukhari is a debt owed by this nation.” As a result, numerous scholars have raced to settle this debt over time, and numerous commentaries on Sahih al-Bukhari have been produced.<ref name="commentary">Template:Cite book</ref>

Classical commentariesEdit

The six most popular commentaries in history are:<ref name="commentary" />

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Modern commentariesEdit

Modern commentaries are also written by Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri, Kausar Yazdani, Taqi Usmani,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Better source needed and Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhalawi.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Notable Arabic commentaries & annotations (and other works)<ref name=":5"/>Edit

  1. Ikhtisār Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī wa Bayān Gharībihi, by Al-Qurṭubī (Template:Died in).
  2. At-Tanqīḥ li Alfāẓ al-Jāmiʿ aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥ, by Al-Zarkashī (Template:Died in).
  3. Taʿlīqāt al-Qārī ʿalā Thulāthiyyāt al-Bukhārī, by Ali Al-Qārī (Template:Died in).
  4. Tuḥfat al-Bārī bi Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, by Zakariyyā al-Anṣārī (Template:Died in).
  5. At-Tawḍīḥ li Sharḥ al-Jāmiʿ aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥ, by Ibn al-Mulaqqin (Template:Died in).<ref name=":5" />
  6. At-Tawshīḥ Sharḥ al-Jāmiʿ aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥ, by Al-Suyūṭī (Template:Died in).
  7. At-Talkhīṣ Sharḥ Jāmiʿ aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥ li ’l-Bukhārī, by Al-Nawawī (Template:Died in).
  8. Sharḥ Tarājim Abwāb al-Bukhārī, by Imam Shah Waliyyullāh ad-Dihlawī (Template:Died in).
  9. ʿAwn al-Bārī bi Ḥalli Adillat al-Bukhārī, by Siddiq Hasan Khan (Template:Died in).
  10. Fatḥ al-Bārī Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, by Imām ibn Rajab al-Hanbalī (Template:Died in).
  11. An-Nīrayn fī Sharḥ aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥayn by Abū Bakr ibn Al-ʿArabī (Template:Died in).

Urdu commentaries & annotations<ref name=":5" />Edit

  1. Irshād al-Qārī ilā Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, by Rashīd Aḥmad Ludhyānwī.
  2. Inʿām al-Bārī Durūs Bukhārī Sharīf, by Taqī ʿUthmānī.
  3. Taqrīr Bukhārī Sharīf, by Zakariyyā Kandhlawī.
  4. Tuḥfat al-Qārī Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, by Saeed Aḥmad Pālanpūrī, only includes the first four volumes.
  5. Thamīn ad-Darārī Muqaddimah Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, by Mawlānā ʿAbd al-Bāqī
  6. Al-Khayr al-Jārī Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, by Mawlānā Idrīs Kandhlawī.
  7. Dars-i-Bukhārī, by Niẓām ad-Dīn Shāmzai Shahīd.
  8. ʿAtāʾ al-Bārī Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ Bukhārī, by Muḥammad ʿAtāʾ al-Munʿim.
  9. Fayḍ al-Bārī, by ʿAllāmah Abū ’l-Ḥasan Siyalkūtī.

NameEdit

Few scholars have commented on Bukhari's reasons behind naming the chapters in his Sahih, known as tarjumat al-bab.<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani is noted to be one of them. Shah Waliullah Dehlawi had mentioned 14 reasons, later modified by Mahmud al-Hasan to make it 15. Kandhlawi is noted to have found as many as 70, even writing a book on the topic, Al-Abwab wa al-Tarajim li Sahih al-Bukhari.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="auto" />

TranslationsEdit

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File:Sahih Al-Bukhari in English.png
9-volume Sahih al-Bukhari in English

Sahih al-Bukhari was originally translated into English by Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali and Muhammad Muhsin Khan, titled The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih al-Bukhari: Arabic-English (1971),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> derived from the Arabic text of Fath Al-Bari, published by the Egyptian Maktabat wa-Maṭba'at Muṣṭafá al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī in 1959.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is published by Al Saadawi Publications and Darussalam Publishers and is included in the USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts.<ref name="usc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Large numbers of hadith narrations included in Hilali and Khan's work have been translated by Muhammad Ali and Thomas Cleary. The book is also available in numerous languages, including Urdu, Bengali, Bosnian, Tamil, Malayalam, Albanian, Malay, and Hindi, among others.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2019, the Arabic Virtual Translation Center in New York translated and published the first complete English translation of Sahih al-Bukhari titled Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari, including explanatory notes, a glossary of every term, and biographies of all characters and narrators in the isnad. The encyclopedia was produced by Mohammed Hasan Yousef Arar. The final edition was released on 01 February 2025.<ref name=":2" />

ReceptionEdit

Muslims regard Sahih al-Bukhari as one of the two most important books among the Kutub al-Sittah alongside the Sahih Muslim, written by al-Bukhari's student Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj. The two books are known as the Sahihayn (The Two Sahihs).<ref name="International Islamic University Malaysia – Garden of Knowledge and Virtue" /><ref name="Sunnah.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Al-Nawawi wrote about Sahih al-Bukhari, "The scholars, may God have mercy on them, have agreed that the most authentic book after the dear Quran are the two Sahihs of Bukhari and Muslim."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Siddiq Hasan Khan (died 1890) wrote, "All of the Salaf and Khalaf assert that the most authentic book after the book of Allah is Sahih al-Bukhari and then Sahih Muslim."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the Introduction to the Science of Hadith, Ibn al-Salah wrote: "The first to author a Sahih was Bukhari [...], followed by Abū al-Ḥusayn Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj an-Naysābūrī al-Qushayrī, who was his student, sharing many of the same teachers. These two books are the most authentic books after the Quran. As for the statement of al-Shafi'i, who said, "I do not know of a book containing knowledge more correct than Malik's book [Muwatta Imam Malik]", [...] he said this before the books of Bukhari and Muslim. "The book of Bukhari is the more authentic of the two and more useful."<ref name=":3" /> Ibn al-Salah also quoted Bukhari as having said, "I have not included in the book [Sahih al-Bukhari] other than what is authentic and I did not include other authentic hadith for the sake of brevity."<ref name=":3">Template:Cite book</ref> In addition, al-Dhahabi quoted Bukhari as having said, "I have memorized one hundred thousand authentic hadith and two hundred thousand which are less than authentic."<ref>Tadhkirat al-huffaz, vol. 2 pgs. 104-5, al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah edition.</ref>

CriticismEdit

Criticism has also been directed at apparent contradictions within Bukhari regarding the Template:Transliteration of the Quran. Some narrations state the Quran was revealed only in the dialect of Muhammad's tribe, the Quraysh, while others state it was revealed in seven ahruf.<ref>Melchert 2008, p. 83.Template:Clarification needed</ref><ref>"Virtues of the Qur'an. Book 61, Number 507". Sahih al-Bukhari</ref> Certain prophetic medicine and remedies espoused in Bukhari, such as cupping, have been noted for being unscientific.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Sunni scholar Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, on the basis of contrary archaeological evidence, criticised the hadith<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which claimed that Adam's height was 60 cubits and human height has been decreasing ever since.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the 2003 book The Idea of Women in Fundamentalist Islam, Lamia Shehadeh used gender theory to critique an ahaad hadith about women's leadership.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Another hadith reported by Abu Hurayra was criticized by Fatema Mernissi for being reported out of context and without any further clarification in the Sahih. The clarification is given in a hadith reported by Aisha in al-Zarkashi's (1344–1392) hadith collection. According to Charles Kurzman, this case raises the question of whether other narrations in Bukhari have been reported incompletely or lack proper context.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2017, Rachid Aylal, a Quranist, published a book criticizing the Sahih, titled Sahih Al-Bukhari: The End of a Legend. It was banned in Morocco for disturbing spiritual security, due to pressure from Islamists.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On August 29, 2022, Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation has included Sahih al-Bukhari into the federal list of extremist materials (except containing surahs, ayahs and quotes from the Quran) after the Supreme Court of Tatarstan supported the Laishevo District Court's decision to recognize the Sahih as extremist with its appellate ruling of July 5, 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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