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Sargasso Sea

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File:Sargasso.png
Map of the Sargasso Sea
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The Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic is bounded by the Gulf Stream on the west, the North Atlantic Current on the north, the Canary Current on the east, and the North Equatorial Current on the south.

The Sargasso Sea (Template:IPAc-en) is a region of the Atlantic Ocean bounded by four currents forming an ocean gyre.<ref name="Stow">Template:Cite book</ref> Unlike all other regions called seas, it is the only one without land boundaries.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>[1]</ref> It is distinguished from other parts of the Atlantic Ocean by its characteristic brown Sargassum seaweed and often calm blue water.<ref name=Stow/>

The sea is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream, on the north by the North Atlantic Current, on the east by the Canary Current, and on the south by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current, the four together forming a clockwise-circulating system of ocean currents termed the North Atlantic Gyre. It lies between 20° and 35° north and 40° and 70° west and is approximately Template:Convert wide by Template:Convert long. Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea.

While all of the above currents deposit marine plants and refuse into the sea, ocean water in the Sargasso Sea is distinctive for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity, with underwater visibility of up to Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> It is also a body of water that has captured the public imagination, and so is seen in a wide variety of literary and artistic works and in popular culture.<ref name=heller>Template:Cite book</ref>

HistoryEdit

A chart drawn by the Catalan cartographer, Gabriel de Vallseca of Mallorca, has been interpreted to indicate that the Azores were first discovered by Diogo de Silves in 1427. In 1431, Gonçalo Velho was dispatched with orders to determine the location of "islands" first identified by de Silves. Velho apparently got as far as the Formigas, in the eastern archipelago, before having to return to Sagres, probably due to bad weather.

By this time, the Portuguese navigators had also reached the Sargasso Sea (western North Atlantic region), naming it after the Sargassum seaweed growing there (sargaço or sargasso in Portuguese).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Later in 1492, Christopher Columbus wrote about seaweed that he feared would trap his ship and potentially hide shallow waters that could run them aground, as well as a lack of wind that he feared would trap them.Template:Sfn

The sea may have been known to earlier mariners, as a poem by the late fourth century author Avienius describes a portion of the Atlantic as being covered with seaweed and windless, citing a now-lost account by the fifth century BC Carthaginian Himilco the Navigator. Columbus himself was aware of this account and thought Himilco had reached the Sargasso Sea, as did several other explorers. However, modern scholars consider this unlikely.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1609, the English vessel Sea Venture was blown to the shore of Bermuda. The sea has also been the site of whaling and fishing.Template:Sfn

The 1920–1922 Dana expeditions, led by Johannes Schmidt, determined that the European eel's breeding sites were in the Sargasso Sea.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The sea has played a role in a number of other pioneering research efforts, including William Beebe and Otis Barton's 1932 dive where they conducted observations of animals and radio broadcasts, John Swallow's work on the Swallow float in the late 1950s, the discovery of Prochlorococcus by a team of researchers in the 1980s, and various oceanographic data gathering programs such as those of Henry Stommel.Template:Sfn

In July 1969, British businessman and amateur sailor Donald Crowhurst disappeared after his yacht became mired in the Sargasso Sea. He had been competing in the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, a single-handed, round-the-world yacht race when his poorly prepared boat began to take on water. He abandoned his circumnavigation attempt, but reported false positions by radio in an attempt to give the impression that he was still participating. Eventually, Crowhurst wound up drifting in the Sargasso Sea, where he deteriorated psychologically, filling his logbooks with metaphysical speculation and delusional comments. His last entry was July 1, and his yacht was found unoccupied and drifting on July 10. It is unclear whether his death came as the result of suicide or misadventure.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

BoundariesEdit

The sea is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream, on the north by the North Atlantic Current, on the east by the Canary Current, and on the south by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current, the four together forming a clockwise-circulating system of ocean currents termed the North Atlantic Gyre.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It lies between 20° to 35° N and 40° and 70° W and is approximately Template:Convert wide by Template:Convert long.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Because the Sargasso Sea is bordered by oceanic currents, its precise borders may change. The Canary Current in particular is widely variable, and often the line utilized is one west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A 2011 report based the sea's boundaries on several variables including currents, presence of seaweed, and the topography of the ocean floor, and determined that the specific boundaries of the sea were "between 22°–38°N, 76°–43°W and centred on 30°N and 60°W" for a total of around Template:Convert.Template:Sfn

EcologyEdit

File:Lines of sargassum Sargasso Sea.jpg
Lines of sargassum in the Sargasso Sea

The Sargasso Sea is home to seaweed of the genus Sargassum, which floats en masse on the surface.<ref name=":0" /> The Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt is the largest such mass in the world.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The sargassum masses generally are not a threat to shipping, and historic incidents of sailing ships being trapped there are due to the often-calm winds of the horse latitudes.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Sargasso Sea plays a role in the migration of catadromous eel species, such as the European eel, the American eel, and the American conger eel. The larvae of these species hatch within the sea, and as they grow they travel to Europe or the East Coast of North America. Later in life, the matured eel migrates back to the Sargasso Sea to spawn and lay eggs. It is also believed that after hatching, young loggerhead sea turtles use currents such as the Gulf Stream to travel to the Sargasso Sea, where they use the sargassum as cover from predators until they are mature.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The sargassum fish is a species of frogfish specially adapted to blend in among the sargassum seaweed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Millions of European eel babies are born there and then make a three-year journey back to UK waters; many seabird species also fly and feed across it on their way to Britain. <ref name=greenpeace>The Sargasso Sea: why this ‘golden floating rainforest’ urgently needs protecting, greenpeace.org.uk, 2nd May 2024.</ref>

In the early 2000s, the Sargasso Sea was sampled as part of the Global Ocean Sampling Expedition, to evaluate its diversity of microbial life through metagenomics. Contrary to previous theories, results indicated the area has a wide variety of prokaryotic life.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Commonly called seaweed, Sargassum is a type of macroalgae. Like all algae, it produces oxygen. Based on 1975 measurements of oxygen production, and estimates of the total mass of Sargassum in the sea, it can be calculated that the Sargasso Sea may produce 2.2 billion litres of O₂ per hour,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> making the sea one of the primary sources of atmospheric oxygen.

ThreatsEdit

The Sargasso Sea, like many unique ocean ecosystems, is under various threats, such as industrial-scale fishing, plastic waste pollution, oil drilling, and deep-sea mining.<ref>Greenpeace calls on Government to spearhead sea sanctuary campaign, perspectivemedia.com, 7 May 2024.</ref><ref name=greenpeace/>

PollutionEdit

Owing to surface currents, the Sargasso accumulates a high concentration of non-biodegradable plastic waste.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The area contains the huge North Atlantic garbage patch.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Several nations and nongovernmental organizations have united to protect the Sargasso Sea.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> These organizations include the Sargasso Sea Commission<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> established 11 March 2014 by the governments of the Azores (Portugal), Bermuda (United Kingdom), Monaco, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Bacteria that consume plastic have been found in the plastic-polluted waters of the Sargasso Sea; however, it is unknown whether these bacteria ultimately clean up poisons or simply spread them elsewhere in the marine microbial ecosystem. Plastic debris can absorb toxic chemicals from ocean pollution, potentially poisoning anything that eats it.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

OthersEdit

Human activity in the Sargasso Sea has negatively affected it, such as over-fishing and shipping.Template:Sfn

Depictions in popular cultureEdit

The Sargasso Sea is often portrayed in literature and the media as an area of mystery.<ref name=heller/> It is often depicted in fiction as a dangerous area where ships are mired in weed for centuries, unable to escape.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Outer-space equivalents are a recurring motif in science fiction.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

LiteratureEdit

Ezra Pound's {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} opens with the line: "Your mind and you are our Sargasso Sea", suggesting that the woman addressed in the poem is a repository of trivia and disconnected facts.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The Sargasso Sea features in classic fantasy stories by William Hope Hodgson, such as his novel The Boats of the "Glen Carrig" (1907), Victor Appleton's Don Sturdy novel Don Sturdy in the Port of Lost Ships: Or, Adrift in the Sargasso Sea, and several related short stories.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas describes the Sargasso Sea and gives an account of its formation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Thomas Allibone Janvier's 1898 novel is titled In the Sargasso Sea.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Uncharted Seas (1938) is a fantasy novel by Dennis Wheatley about a tramp steamer trapped in the Sargasso Sea surrounded by killer seaweed, murderous crustaceans, and previously marooned descendants of Spanish Conquistadores and pirates. This was made into an adventure film, The Lost Continent (1968), by Hammer Films and Seven Arts.

Wide Sargasso Sea (1966) by Jean Rhys is inspired by Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre and gives Bertha Mason's history, experiences and perspective. Two film adaptations of the same name have been released, one in 1993 and another in 2006.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

"Prisoners of the Sargasso Sea" was a story published in Batman number 122 dated March 1959. Batman encounters ships trapped there for centuries. Batman and Robin are welcomed by the pirate Jolly Roger, Erik of Norway and Flavius from ancient Rome. They explain to Batman that a strange mist from the seaweed keeps them alive and ageless.

MusicEdit

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  • The ninth song in Taeko Onuki's 1977 album Sunshower is titled "Sargasso Sea".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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TelevisionEdit

  • "The Mystery of the Lizard Men" is the 1964 pilot episode of the animated series Jonny Quest. The story involves the disappearance of multiple ships in the Sargasso Sea and a secret laser base (protected by lizard-suited scuba divers) hidden aboard an 18th-century shipwreck.
  • In the second episode of the third series of the 2014 series Black Sails, Captain Flint and the crew of the Walrus are stranded in the Sargasso Sea for several episodes.

Comic BooksEdit

ReferencesEdit

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Bibliography

External linksEdit

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