Historical Russian units of measurement

File:Obsolete Russian units of length - ru.svg

Set of Russian customary units of measurement based on body proportions.

Historical Russian units of measurement were standardized and used in the Russian Empire and after the Russian Revolution, but were abandoned after 21 July 1925, when the Soviet Union adopted the metric system.

The Tatar system is very similar to the Russian one, but some names are different.Template:Citation needed The Polish system is also very close to the Russian.

The system existed since Kievan Rus', but under Peter the Great, the Russian units were redefined relative to the English system.<ref name=Shost>Шостьин Н. А. Очерки истории русской метрологии XI – начала XX века. М.: 1975.</ref> Until Peter the Great the system also used Cyrillic numerals, and only in the 18th century did Peter the Great replace it with the Hindu–Arabic numeral system.<ref name=Shost/>

Length

The basic unit was the Russian ell, called the arshin, which came into use in the 16th century. It was standardized by Peter the Great in the 18th century to measure exactly twenty-eight English inches (Template:Convert). Thus, 80 vershoks = 20 pyad's = 5 arshins = 140 English inches (Template:Convert).<ref name=Carda>Template:Cite book</ref>

A pyad' ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "palm", "five") or chyetvyert' ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "quarter") is a hand span, the distance between ends of the spread thumb and index finger.Template:Cn

Unit			Ratio	Metric value	English value
Russian		Translation
Cyrillic	Transliteration
lang}}	toch'ka	point	Template:Frac	0.254 mm	Template:Frac inch
lang}}	liniya	line	Template:Frac	2.54 mm	Template:Frac inch; cf. line
lang}} (перст)	dyuym (pyerst)	inch (finger)	Template:Frac	2.54 cm	1 inch
lang}}	vyershok	tip, top	Template:Frac	4.445 cm	Template:Frac in; cf. 19" rack unit
lang}}	ladon'	palm	Template:Frac	7.62 cm	Template:Convert; cf. palm
lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	pyad', chyetvyert'	quarter	Template:Frac	17.78 cm	7 in; cf. span
lang}}	fut	foot	Template:Frac	30.48 cm	1 ft
lang}}	lokot'	elbow, ell/cubit	Template:Frac	45.72 cm	Template:Convert; cf. cubit/ell
lang}}	shag	stride, step	1	71.12 cm	cf. step
lang}}	arshin	yard	1	71.12 cm	Template:Frac ft
lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	sazhen'	fathom	3	2.1336 m	7 ft
lang}}	vyersta	turn (of a plough)	1500	1.0668 km	3,500 ft

Alternative units:

• Swung sazhen' ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, distance between tips of arms stretched sidewards) = 1.76 m
• Skewed, or oblique sazhen' ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, distance between tip of a raised arm and a tip of an opposite leg slightly put away) = 2.48 m / 2.4892 m to be exact, since 1 Kosaya Sazhen is equal to 3.5 Arshins which is equal to 98 inches
• Double vyersta or border vyersta, ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), used to measure land plots and distances between settlements = 2 vyerstas (comes from an older standard for vyersta)

Area

• Desyatina ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "a tenth" or "ten"), approximately one hectare
  • Treasury/official desyatina ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) = 10,925.4 m² = 117,600 sq ft = 2.7 acres = 2,400 square sazhen'
  • Proprietor's ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) = 14,567.2 m² = 156,800 sq ft = 3,200 square sazhen'
    • 3 proprietor's desyatinas = 4 official desyatinas
• Sokha ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, "big plow")

Volume

As in many ancient systems of measurement the Russian distinguishes between dry and liquid measurements of capacity. Note that the chyetvyert' appears in both lists with vastly differing values.

Dry measures

Unit	Russian	Translation	Ratio	Cubic inches (exact)	Metric value	Imperial value	U.S. customary
chast'	lang}}	part	Template:Frac	Template:Frac	109.33 ml	4.380 fl oz	4.208 fl oz
kruzhka	lang}}	mug	Template:Frac	80	1.312 L	2.309 pints	2.773 pints
garnyec<ref name=Carda/>	lang}}	pot	1	200	3.279842 L	5.772 pints	3.466 quarts
vyedro	lang}}	bucket	4	800	13.12 L	2.886 gal	3.466 gal
chyetvyerik	lang}}	small quarter	8	1,600	26.239 L	2.886 pecks	2.978 pecks
os'mina	lang}}	one-eighth	32	6,400	104.955 L	2.886 bushels	2.978 bushels
chyetvyert'	lang}}	quarter	64	12,800	209.91 L	5.772 bushels	5.957 bushels

Liquid measures

Unit	Russian	Translation	Ratio	Cubic inches (exact)	Metric value	Imperial	U.S. Customary
shkalik	lang}}	measure	Template:Frac	Template:Frac	61.5 ml	2.16 fl oz	2.08 fl oz
kosushka	lang}}	shot
charka	lang}}	wine glass	Template:Frac	Template:Frac	123 ml	4.33 fl oz	4.16 fl oz
butylka (vodochnaya)	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})	bottle (vodka)	Template:Frac	Template:Frac	615 ml	1.08 pints	1.3 pints
butylka (vinnaya)	lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})	bottle (wine)	Template:Frac	Template:Frac	768.7 ml	1.35 pints	1.625 pints
kruzhka	lang}}	mug	Template:Frac	75	1.23 L	2.16 pints	1.3 quarts
shtof	lang}}	flagon
chetvert	lang}}	quarter	Template:Frac	Template:Frac	1.537 LTemplate:Cn	2.70 pints	1.624 quarts
vedro<ref name=Carda/>	lang}}	bucket	1	750	12.29941 L	2.71 gal	3.249 gal
bochka	lang}}	barrel	40	30,000	491.98 L	108.22 gal	129.967 gal

Weight/mass

Two systems of weight were in use, an ordinary one in common use, and an apothecaries' system.

Ordinary system

Unit	Russian	Translation	Ratio	Metric value	Avoirdupois value
dolya	lang}}	part, portion	Template:Frac = Template:Frac	44.435 mg	0.686 gr
zolotnik	lang}}	"golden one"	Template:Frac	4.26580 g	65.831 gr (0.152 oz)
lot	lang}}	borrowed German "Loth"	Template:Frac	12.7974 g	0.451 oz
funt<ref name=Carda/>	lang}}	pound	1	409.51718 g	14.445 oz (0.903 lb)
pood	lang}}	borrowed Late Latin "pondo", from Classical "pondus"	40	16.3807 kg	36.121 lb
byerkovyec	lang}}	probably from "Birka pood"	400	163.807 kg	361.206 lb (25.8 stone)

The pood was first mentioned in a number of documents of the twelfth century. Template:Citation needed It may still be encountered in documents dealing with agricultural production (especially with reference to cereals), and has been revived in determining weights when casting bells in belfries following the rebirth of the Orthodox Churches in the former Soviet lands.

Apothecaries' system

The Imperial Russian apothecaries' weight was defined by setting the grain (Template:Langx) to be exactly seven-fifths of a dolya. The only unit name shared between the two was the funt (pound), but the one in the apothecaries' system is exactly seven-eighths of the ordinary funt.

Unit	Russian	Translation	Ratio	Metric value	Avoirdupois value	Ordinary value
lang}}	lang}}	grain	1	62.210 mg	0.96004 gr	lang}}
lang}}	lang}}	scruple	20	1.2442 g	19.201 gr	lang}}
lang}}	lang}}	dram	60	3.7326 g	57.602 gr	Template:Frac {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
lang}}	lang}}	ounce	480	29.861 g	1.0533 oz or 460.82 gr	lang}}
lang}}	lang}}	pound	5760	358.328 g	12.640 oz or 5529.8 gr	lang}}

Idiomatic expressions

The obsolete units of measurement survived in Russian culture in a number of idiomatic expressions and proverbs, for example:

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: (It) can be heard a verst away – about something very loud
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: 7 versts is not a detour for a mad dog – about excessive energy or hassle, usually ironical
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: 7 versts is not too far for a darling friend
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: Kolomna verst – about a very tall and slim person (in this case the reference is to the verst pole road mark: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}})
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: A slanted sazhen in the shoulders – about a strong, wide-shouldered person
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: To gauge everybody by the same [literally: one's own] yardstick
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: To swallow an arshin (yardstick) – about standing very straight and still
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: Two vershok above the pot – a very young child
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: a hundred poods – a very large amount. In modern colloquial Russian it is used in a generic meanings of "very much" and "very", as well as "most surely".<ref>English-Russian-English dictionary of slang, jargon and Russian names. 2012</ref> The adjective {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and the adverb {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} derive from this expression.
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: Seven pyad across the forehead – very smart
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: Not seven pyad across the forehead – not so smart
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: A zolotnik is small, but expensive: when quality rather than quantity is important
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: To walk in 7-mile steps – any kind of very fast progress, e.g., of improvement
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: To learn how much a pound of likho costs – to experience something bad
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: Do not give up (even) a pyad of land
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: To eat a 'pood' of salt (with somebody) – to have a long common experience with somebody (with the implication "to know someone well")

See also

• Petrograd Standard

External links

• Russian system of measures of length (brief description) by V. A. Belobrov
• The role of Peter the Great in the development of Russian system of measures of length by V. A. Belobrov