Sceliphron caementarium

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Sceliphron caementarium, also known as the yellow-legged mud-dauber wasp, black-and-yellow mud dauber (within the US), or black-waisted mud-dauber (outside of the US), is a species of sphecid wasp. There are some 30 other species of Sceliphron that occur throughout the world, though in appearance and habits they are quite similar to S. caementarium.<ref name="Cetkovic-2004">Template:Cite journal</ref>

EtymologyEdit

The Latin species name caementarius means mason or builder of walls.<ref name=bugguide/>

Distribution and habitatEdit

S. caementarium is widespread in Canada, the United States, Central America and the West Indies, and has been introduced to many Pacific Islands (including Australia, Hawaii, and Japan), Peru and Europe,<ref name=bugguide/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> where it has become established in some countries of the Mediterranean Basin (Croatia,<ref name="Fauna-Europaea" /> France<ref name="Fauna-Europaea" /> and Corsica,<ref name="Fauna-Europaea" /> Italy,<ref name="Fauna-Europaea" /> Cyprus,<ref name="Fauna-Europaea" /> Malta,<ref name="Cassar-Mifsud-2020" /> the Canary Islands,<ref name="Fauna-Europaea" /> and Madeira)<ref name="Fauna-Europaea" /> and Austria,<ref name="Fauna-Europaea" /> Bulgaria and Ukraine.<ref name="Fauna-Europaea" />

This species is found in a wide variety of habitats, such as rock ledges, man-made structures, puddles and other water edges, cypress domes, in long leaf pines (Pinus palustris), and in turkey oaks.<ref name=hol/><ref name=bugguide/>

DescriptionEdit

File:Sphecidae - Sceliphron caementarium.JPG

Female of Sceliphron caementarium feeding on nectar

Sceliphron caementarium can reach a length of Template:Convert. Their petiole is generally black and is about half the length of the entire abdomen, however the population in the desert southwest often has a yellow petiole.<ref name="Van der Vecht-Breugel01968"/> The thorax shows various yellow markings, while the abdomen is normally black, with yellow propodeum (typical of females). The eyes are black, the antennae are black, and the legs are yellow with black trochanters and femurs. Within the United States, it is the only species with yellow-marked legs. The wings are a tawny color.<ref name=bugguide>Bugguide</ref><ref name=naturesearch>Nature Search</ref>

BiologyEdit

File:Contenuto di un nido di Sceliphron Caementarium (Vespa muratore).jpg

Paralyzed spiders used as larval provisions collected from a nest

File:Yellow-legged Mud-dauber Wasp, Texas, US imported from iNaturalist photo 323358330.jpg

Carrying a spider

The black and yellow mud daubers are solitary parasitoid wasps that build nests out of mud. These sphecid wasps collect mud balls at puddle and pool edges for constructing nests. Frequently, nests are built in shaded areas inside formations that are sheltered from the weather or from other environmental elements. These sites may be naturally-occurring, or man-made structures. Some examples are: under and inside various types of bridges, barns, garages, open-air porches, or under housing eaves. The nests comprise up to 25 vertically arranged, individual cylindrical cells. After initial creation and covering of the clutch, this sphecid wasp uses more mud as a means covering and protecting the whole cluster of cells, thereby forming a smooth appearance, and a uniform nest. The entire nest may attain an area equal to, or larger than, the size of an average human fist.

After building a cell of the nest, the female wasp captures several spiders. The captured prey are stung and paralyzed before being placed in the nest (usually 6–15 per cell), and then a single egg is deposited on the prey within each cell. The wasp then seals the cell with a thick mud plug.<ref name=bugguide/><ref name="Lorus Milne Field Guide">Template:Cite book</ref> After finishing a series of cells, she leaves and does not return. While consuming the prey and increasing in size, the larva molts several times, until it molts into a pupa. Once the pupa has developed into an adult wasp, the adult emerges from its pupal case and breaks out of its mud chamber.

Adults can be seen in mid-summer feeding on nectar at flowers, especially Queen Anne's lace (Daucus carota), parsnips, and water parsnips (Sium suave, Sium latifolium, Berula erecta).<ref name=naturesearch/> They have a low reproductive rate.<ref name="Kulzer"/> Stings are rare due to their solitary and usually nonaggressive nature; however, nests are aggressively defended.

A common species of cuckoo wasp, Chrysis angolensis, is frequently a cleptoparasite in Sceliphron nests, and is only one of many different insects that parasitize these mud daubers.<ref name="Kulzer"/>

VenomEdit

Although they are common components of venoms: serotonin, histamine, acetylcholine,<ref name="OConnor-Rosenbrook-1963" /><ref name="Schmidt-1982" /> and kinins<ref name="Rosenbrook-OConnor-1964" /> are absent from S. caementarium venom.

Mentions in popular mediaEdit

In 1996, Birgenair Flight 301 crashed near Puerto Rico. The most probable cause of this Boeing 757 crash was a blockage in a pitot tube by a mud dauber's nest.<ref name="Kulzer">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

GalleryEdit

Sceliphron-mud-dauber.jpg

S. caementarium collecting mud
20100710.MudDauber-SceliphronCaementarium.Hannibal.jpg

S. caementarium with a load of mud, just before takeoff
Black and Yellow Mud Dauber (Sphecidae, Sceliphron caementarium (Drury)) (36164276721).jpg

S. caementarium with a partially yellow petiole from Austin, TX
Sphecidae - Sceliphron caementarium - Nest.JPG

A nest containing the cells covered with mud

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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