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Sciaenidae

Article Discussion

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Sciaenidae is a family of ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Acanthuriformes.<ref name = Nelson5>Template:Cite book</ref> They are commonly called drums or croakers<ref name=Nelson5/><ref name=FishBase/> in reference to the repetitive throbbing or drumming sounds they make.<ref name="BIoacoustics of Fishes of the Family Sciaenidae"/> The family consists of about 293<ref name=FishBase/> to 298 species<ref name=CoF/> in about 66<ref name=FishBase>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> or 67 genera.<ref name=Nelson5/>

TaxonomyEdit

Sciaenidae was first proposed as a family in 1829 by the French zoologist Georges Cuvier.<ref name = "van der Laan et al. 2014"/> The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the family in the suborder Sciaenoidei, alongside the rover family Emmelichthyidae, in the order Acanthuriformes.<ref name = Nelson5/> Other authorities classify the Sciaenidae and the Emmelichthyidae as incertae sedis within the series Eupercaria.<ref name = Deepfin>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Catalog of Fishes retains this family within the Acanthuriformes but does not recognise the suborder Sciaenoidei.<ref name = CofF2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The 5th edition of Fishes of the World, Fishbase and Catalog of Fishes do not recognise subfamilies within the Sciaenidae<ref name = Nelson5/><ref name = FishBase/><ref name = CofF2/> but many workers on these fishes do recognise subfamilies and tribes within the family. For example, in 1989 Kunio Sasaki erected a number of subfamilies and tribes.<ref name = Sasaki1989>Template:Cite journal</ref>

GeneraEdit

The following genera are classified within the family Sciaenidae:<ref name = CoF>Template:Cof family</ref>

File:7080 aquaimages.jpg
Juvenile spotted drumfish, Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles
File:3726 aquaimages.jpg
Adult and juvenile spotted drumfish, St. Kitts

Template:Div col Template:Linked genus list Template:Div col end

Fossil generaEdit

The following fossil genera are known:

The fossil genus Ioscion may be either a drumfish or belong to its own family more closely related to carangids.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The former Paratethys Sea appears to have been a hotspot of endemism for many of these extinct sciaenid taxa, as many articulated remains and otoliths are known from this region.<ref name=":2" />

EtymologyEdit

Sciaenidae takes its name from its type genus Sciaena which is derived from the Greek skiaina, which was used to refer to marine perch-like fishes.<ref name = ETYFish>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CharacteristicsEdit

A sciaenid has a long dorsal fin reaching nearly to the tail, and a notch between the rays and spines of the dorsal, although the two parts are actually separate.<ref name=EoF>Template:Cite book</ref> Drums are somberly coloured, usually in shades of brown, with a lateral line on each side that extends to the tip of the caudal fin. The anal fin usually has two spines, while the dorsal fins are deeply notched or separate. Most species have a rounded or pointed caudal fin. The mouth is set low and is usually inferior. Their croaking mechanism involves the beating of abdominal muscles against the swim bladder.<ref name=EoF/>

Sciaenids are found worldwide, in both fresh and salt water, and are typically benthic carnivores, feeding on invertebrates and smaller fish. They are small to medium-sized, bottom-dwelling fishes living primarily in estuaries, bays, and muddy river banks. Most of these fish types avoid clear waters, such as coral reefs and oceanic islands, with a few notable exceptions (e.g. reef croaker, high-hat, and spotted drum). They live in warm-temperate and tropical waters and are best represented in major rivers in Southeast Asia, northeast South America, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Gulf of California.<ref name=EoF/>

In the United States most fishers consider freshwater drum to be rough fish not suitable for eating, similar to carp, gar, and buffalo fish, although there are a number of people that enjoy fishing for these species and eating them, despite their limitations.<ref> Template:Cite news </ref>

FisheriesEdit

File:Corvina (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 11 July 1865).jpg
An 1865 watercolor painting of Brazilian croaker by Jacques Burkhardt.

They are excellent food and sport fish, and are commonly caught by surf and pier fishers. Some are important commercial fishery species, notably small yellow croaker with reported landings of 218,000–407,000 tonnes in 2000–2009; according to FAO fishery statistics, it was the 25th most important fishery species worldwide.<ref name=FAO/> However, a large proportion of the catch is not reported at species level; in the FAO fishery statistics, the category "Croakers, drums, not elsewhere included", is the largest one within sciaenids, with annual landings of 431,000–780,000 tonnes in 2000–2009, most of which were reported from the western Indian Ocean (FAO fishing area 51) and northwest Pacific (FAO fishing area 61).<ref name=FAO>Template:Cite book</ref> The future of croakers, like many other fish species in the United States and around the world is uncertain because overfishing continues to be a major threat. The population has decreased significantly which will affect their ability reproduce. In United States Croakers are managed by the federal and state governments to ensure that they're harvested sustainably.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Croaking mechanismEdit

A notable trait of sciaenids is the ability to produce a "croaking" sound. However, the pitch and use of croaking varies species to species. The croaking ability is a distinguishing characteristic of sciaenids.<ref name="BIoacoustics of Fishes of the Family Sciaenidae">Template:Citation</ref> The croaking mechanism is used by males as a mating call in some species.

To produce the croaking sound, special muscles vibrate against the swim bladder.<ref name="natgeo"/> These muscles are called sonic muscle fibres, and run horizontally along the fish's body on both sides around the swim bladder, connected to a central tendon that surrounds the swim bladder ventrally. These sonic muscle fibres are repeatedly contracted against the swim bladder to produce the croaking sound that gives drum and croaker their common name, effectively using the swim bladder as a resonating chamber. The sciaenids' large swim bladder is more expansive and branched than other species, which aids in the croaking.<ref name="Sensory processing">Template:Cite book</ref> In some species the sonic muscle fibres are only present in males. These muscles strengthen during the mating season and are allowed to atrophy the rest of the time, deactivating the croaking mechanism.<ref name="natgeo"/> In other species, most notably the Atlantic croaker, the croaking mechanism is present in both sexes and remains active year-round. These species are thought to use croaking for communication, such as announcing hazards and location when in turbid water.<ref name="natgeo">Template:Citation</ref>

Croaking in communicationEdit

In some species, croaking is used for communication aside from attracting mates. For those species that have year-round croaking ability, the croaks may serve as a low-aggression warning during group feeding, as well as to communicate location in cloudy water. In those species that lack the ability to croak year-round, croaking is usually restricted to males for attracting mates. A disadvantage to the croaking ability is that it allows bottlenose dolphin to easily locate large groups of croaker and drum as they broadcast their position, indicating large amounts of food for the dolphins.<ref name="natgeo"/>

Timeline of generaEdit

Template:Sister project

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from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:Eocene
from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:Oligocene
from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:Miocene
from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:Plio.
from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:Pleist.
from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:H.

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from: -65.5   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:Paleogene
from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:Neogene
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color:oligocene bar:NAM1  from:	-28.4	till:	0	text:	Larimus
color:miocene bar:NAM2  from:	-23.03	till:	0	text:	Argyrosomus
color:miocene bar:NAM3  from:	-23.03	till:	0	text:	Ctenosciaena
color:miocene bar:NAM4 from:	-23.03	till:	0	text:	Nebris
color:miocene bar:NAM5  from:	-23.03	till:	0	text:	Pogonias
color:miocene bar:NAM6  from:	-23.03	till:	0	text:	Umbrina
color:miocene bar:NAM7  from:	-15.97	till:	0	text:	Sciaenops
color:miocene bar:NAM8  from:	-11.608	till:	0	text:	Bairdiella
color:miocene bar:NAM9  from:	-11.608	till:	0	text:	Cynoscion
color:miocene bar:NAM10  from:	-11.608	till:	0	text:	Menticirrhus
color:miocene bar:NAM11  from:	-11.608	till:	0	text:	Sciaena
color:pliocene bar:NAM12  from:	-5.332	till:	0	text:	Aplodinotus
color:pliocene bar:NAM13  from:	-5.332	till:	0	text:	Seriphus
color:pleistocene bar:NAM14  from:	-2.588	till:	0	text:	Genyonemus
color:pleistocene bar:NAM15  from:	-2.588	till:	0	text:	Pennahia
color:pleistocene bar:NAM16  from:	-2.588	till:	0	text:	Roncador

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from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:Miocene
from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:Plio.
from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:Pleist.
from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:H.

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from: -65.5   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:Paleogene
from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:Neogene
from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:Q.

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ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

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