Scleroderma citrinum

File:Common earthball 1.jpg

SEM image of a cross section of peridium, gleba region with small spiky spores

Scleroderma citrinum, commonly known as the common earthball,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> pigskin poison puffball,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or common earth ball,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> is a species of earthball fungus found in Europe and in North America. It is the most common species of earthball fungus in the UK and occurs widely in woods, heathland and in short grass from autumn to winter. Scleroderma citrinum has two synonyms, Scleroderma aurantium (Vaill.) and Scleroderma vulgare Horn.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Earthballs are superficially similar to, and considered look-alikes of, the edible puffball (particularly Apioperdon pyriforme), but whereas the puffball has a single opening on top through which the spores are dispersed, the earthball just breaks up to release the spores. Moreover, Scleroderma citrinum has much firmer flesh and a dark gleba (interior) much earlier in development than puffballs. Scleroderma citrinum has no stem but is attached to the soil by mycelial cords. The peridium, or outer wall, is thick and firm, usually ochre yellow externally with irregular warts.

Scleroderma citrinum is an ectomycorrhizal fungus with a symbiotic relationship with some tree species, and can influence the diversity of soil bacterial communities under some tree species.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The earthball may be parasitized by Pseudoboletus parasiticus.

Scleroderma citrinum can be mistaken with truffles by inexperienced mushroom hunters. Ingestion of Scleroderma citrinum can cause gastrointestinal distress in humans and animals. Some individuals may experience lacrimation, rhinitis and rhinorrhea, and conjunctivitis from exposure to its spores.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Pigments found in the fruiting body of Scleroderma citrinum Pers. are sclerocitrin, norbadione A, xerocomic acid, and badione A.

References

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External links

• Medicinal Mushrooms Description, bioactive compounds, medicinal properties
• Mushroom Expert Additional information