Scombridae

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox The mackerel, tuna, and bonito family, Scombridae, includes many of the most important and familiar food fishes. The family consists of 51 species in 15 genera and two subfamilies. All species are in the subfamily Scombrinae, except the butterfly kingfish, which is the sole member of subfamily Gasterochismatinae.<ref name=Orrell2006>Template:Cite journalTemplate:Dead link</ref>

Scombrids have two dorsal fins and a series of finlets behind the rear dorsal fin and anal fin. The caudal fin is strongly divided and rigid, with a slender, ridged base. The first (spiny) dorsal fin and the pelvic fins are normally retracted into body grooves. Species lengths vary from the Template:Convert of the island mackerel to the Template:Convert recorded for the immense Atlantic bluefin tuna.

Scombrids are generally predators of the open ocean, and are found worldwide in tropical and temperate waters. They are capable of considerable speed, due to a highly streamlined body and retractable fins. Some members of the family, in particular the tunas, are notable for being partially endothermic (warm-blooded), a feature that also helps them to maintain high speed and activity. Other adaptations include a large amount of red muscle, allowing them to maintain activity over long periods. Scombrids like the yellowfin tuna can reach speeds of 22 km/h (14 mph).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Classification

Jordan, Evermann, and Clark (1930) divide these fishes into the four families: Cybiidae, Katsuwonidae, Scombridae, and Thunnidae,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but taxonomists later classified them all into a single family, the Scombridae.<ref name=ITIS>{{#if:202065 | {{#invoke:template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon

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The World Wildlife Fund and the Zoological Society of London jointly issued their "Living Blue Planet Report" on 16 September 2015 which states that a dramatic fall of 74% occurred in worldwide stocks of scombridae fish between 1970 and 2010, and the global overall "population sizes of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish fell by half on average in just 40 years".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Extant genera

The 51 extant species are in 15 genera and two subfamilies – with the subfamily Scombrinae further grouped into four tribes, as:

Family Scombridae

• Subfamily Gasterochismatinae
  • Genus Gasterochisma
• Subfamily Scombrinae
  • Tribe Scombrini – mackerels
    • Genus Rastrelliger
    • Genus Scomber
  • Tribe Scomberomorini – Spanish mackerels
    • Genus Acanthocybium
    • Genus Grammatorcynus
    • Genus Orcynopsis
    • Genus Scomberomorus
  • Tribe Sardini – bonitos
    • Genus Sarda
    • Genus Cybiosarda
    • Genus Gymnosarda
  • Tribe Thunnini – tunas
    • Genus Allothunnus
    • Genus Auxis
    • Genus Euthynnus
    • Genus Katsuwonus
    • Genus Thunnus

Fossil genera

The following fossil genera are known:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Genus †Aramichthys (fossil; middle Eocene of Syria)<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>
• Genus †Eoscomber (fossil; early Eocene of Senegal)
• Genus †Eoscombrus (fossil; late Eocene of California)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Genus †Godsilia (fossil; early Eocene of Italy)
• Genus †Landanichthys (fossil; middle Paleocene of Angola)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Genus †Palaeocybium (fossil; Eocene to Oligocene of the United States and parts of Europe)
• Genus †Pseudauxides (fossil; early Eocene of Italy)
• Genus †Scombrinus (fossil; early Eocene of England)
• Genus †Thunnoscomberoides (fossil; early Eocene of Italy)
• Genus †Wetherellus (fossil; early Eocene of England)
• Subfamily Scombrinae
  • Genus †Tamesichthys (early Eocene of England)<ref name=":22">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":1" />
  • Genus †Mioscomber (middle Miocene of the North Caucasus (Russia) and Croatia)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • Tribe †Eocoelopomini<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
    • Genus †Eocoelopoma (early Eocene of England & Turkmenistan)
    • Genus †Palaeothunnus (early Eocene of Turkmenistan)
    • Genus †Micrornatus (early Eocene of England)
  • Tribe Scomberomorini
    • Genus †Caucombrus (Early Oligocene of the North Caucasus (Russia) and Germany)<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
    • Genus †Neocybium (Late Eocene of Kazakhstan, Early Oligocene of Germany & Georgia)<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • Tribe Scombrini
    • Genus †Auxides (early Eocene of Senegal, Turkmenistan, and much of Europe) (=Scombrosarda)<ref name=":1" />

See also

• Scombroid food poisoning
• Mackerel as food

References

• Template:Cite journal

External links

• Template:Commons category-inline
• Skaphandrus.com Scombridae