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A sedan (American English) or saloon (British English)<ref name="oxfordsaloon">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="cambridgesaloon">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is a passenger car in a three-box configuration with separate compartments for an engine, passengers, and cargo.<ref name="cdn">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first recorded use of sedan in reference to an automobile body occurred in 1912.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The name derives from the 17th-century litter known as a sedan chair, a one-person enclosed box with windows and carried by porters. Variations of the sedan style include the close-coupled sedan, club sedan, convertible sedan, fastback sedan, hardtop sedan, notchback sedan, and sedanet.
DefinitionEdit
A sedan (Template:IPAc-en) is a car with a closed body (i.e., a fixed metal roof) with the engine, passengers, and cargo in separate compartments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This broad definition does not differentiate sedans from various other car body styles. Still, in practice, the typical characteristics of sedans are:
- a B-pillar (between the front and rear windows) that supports the roof;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- two rows of seats;<ref name="Haajanen" />Template:Refpage
- a three-box design with the engine at the front and the cargo area at the rear; although many exceptions exist<ref name="Morello">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- a less steeply sloping roofline than a coupé results in increased headroom for rear passengers and a less sporting appearance;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and
- a rear interior volume of at least Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Anchor It is sometimes suggested that sedans must have four doors (to provide a simple distinction between sedans and two-door coupés); others state that a sedan can have four or two doors.<ref name="Haajanen" />Template:Refpage<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although the sloping rear roofline defined the coupe, the design element has become common on many body styles with manufacturers increasingly "cross-pollinating" the style so that terms such as sedan and coupé have been loosely interpreted as "'four-door coupes' - an inherent contradiction in terms."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
When a manufacturer produces two-door sedan and four-door sedan versions of the same model, the shape and position of the greenhouse on both versions may be identical, with only the B-pillar positioned further back to accommodate the longer doors on the two-door versions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EtymologyEdit
A sedan chair, a sophisticated litter, is an enclosed box with windows used to transport one seated person. Porters at the front and rear carry the chair with horizontal poles.<ref name="oxforddictionaries.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Litters date back to long before ancient Egypt, India, and China. Sedan chairs were developed in the 1630s. Etymologists suggest the name of the chair very probably came through varieties of Italian from the Latin sedere, or the Proto-Indo-European root "sed-" meaning "to sit."<ref name= SL>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The first recorded use of sedan for an automobile body occurred in 1912 when the Studebaker Four and Studebaker Six models were marketed as sedans.<ref name= SL/><ref>The Motor World, November 14, 1912, p. 18. Motor World Publishing, New York</ref> There were fully enclosed automobile bodies before 1912. Long before that time, the same fully enclosed but horse-drawn carriages were known as a brougham in the United Kingdom, berline in France, and berlina in Italy; the latter two have become the terms for sedans in these countries. It is sometimes stated that the 1899 Renault Voiturette Type B (a 2-seat car with an extra external seat for a footman/mechanic) was the first sedan, since it is the first known car to be produced with a roof. A one-off instance of similar coachwork is also known in a 1900 De Dion-Bouton Type D.<ref name="speeddoctor.net">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="autoclassics.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A sedan is typically considered to be a fixed-roof car with at least four seats.<ref name= SL/> Based on this definition, the earliest sedan was the 1911 Speedwell, which was manufactured in the United States.<ref name="Georgano- Early and Vintage">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Refpage
International terminologyEdit
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In American English, Latin American Spanish, and Brazilian Portuguese, the term sedan is used (accented as sedán in Spanish).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In British English, a car of this configuration is called a saloon (Template:IPAc-en).<ref name="cambridgesaloon"/> Hatchback sedans are known simply as hatchbacks (not hatchback saloons); long-wheelbase luxury saloons with a division between the driver and passengers are limousines.Template:Citation needed
In Australia and New Zealand, sedan is now predominantly used; they were previously simply cars. In the 21st century, saloon remains in the long-established names of particular motor races.Template:Citation needed In other languages, sedans are known as berline (French), berlina (European Spanish, European Portuguese, Romanian, and Italian), though they may include hatchbacks. These names, like the sedan, all come from forms of passenger transport used before the advent of automobiles. In German, a sedan is called Limousine and a limousine is a Stretch-Limousine.<ref name="HaajanenEddaido"/>
In the United States, two-door sedan models were marketed as Tudor in the Ford Model A (1927–1931) series.<ref name="Fiske">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Automakers use different terms to differentiate their products and for Ford's sedan body styles "the tudor (2-door) and fordor (4-door) were marketing terms designed to stick in the minds of the public."<ref name="Fiske"/> Ford continued to use the Tudor name for 5-window coupes, 2-door convertibles, and roadsters since all had two doors.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Tudor name was also used to describe the Škoda 1101/1102 introduced in 1946.<ref name="Cibulka">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The public popularized the name for a two-door model and was then applied by the automaker to the entire line that included a four-door sedan and station wagon versions.<ref name="Cibulka"/>
Standard stylesEdit
Notchback sedansEdit
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In the United States, the notchback sedan distinguishes models with a horizontal trunk lid. The term is generally only referred to in marketing when it is necessary to differentiate between two sedan body styles (e.g., notchback and fastback) of the same model range.
Liftback sedansEdit
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Several sedans have a fastback profile but a hatchback-style tailgate is hinged at the roof. Examples include the Peugeot 309, Škoda Octavia, Hyundai Elantra XD, Chevrolet Malibu Maxx, BMW 4 Series Grand Coupe, Audi A5 Sportback, and Tesla Model S. The names hatchback and sedan are often used to differentiate between body styles of the same model. To avoid confusion, the term hatchback sedan is not often used.
Fastback sedansEdit
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There have been many sedans with a fastback style. {{#invoke:Gallery|gallery}}
Hardtop sedansEdit
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Hardtop sedans were a popular body style in the United States from the 1950s to the 1970s. Hardtops are manufactured without a B-pillar leaving uninterrupted open space or, when closed, glass along the side of the vehicle.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The top was intended to look like a convertible's top. However, it was fixed and made of hard material that did not fold.<ref name="HaajanenEddaido" />
All manufacturers in the United States from the early 1950s into the 1970s provided at least a two-door hardtop model in their range and a four-door hardtop. The lack of side bracing demanded a strong, heavy chassis frame to combat unavoidable flexing. The pillarless design was also available in four-door models using unibody construction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> For example, Chrysler moved to unibody designs for most of its models in 1960 and American Motors Corporation (AMC) offered four-door sedans, as well a four-door station wagon from 1958 until 1960 in the Rambler and Ambassador series.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
In 1973, the US government passed Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 216 creating a standard roof strength test to measure the integrity of roof structure in motor vehicles to come into effect some years later. The objective was to reduce deaths and injuries due to the car's roof crushing into the passenger compartment in case of a rollover crash.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hardtop sedan body style production ended with the 1978 Chrysler Newport. Roofs were often available with standard or optional vinyl cover.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The structural B-pillar design was minimized by styling methods like matt black finishes. Stylists and engineers soon developed more subtle solutions.<ref name="HaajanenEddaido" />
Mid-20th century variationsEdit
Close-coupled sedansEdit
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A close-coupled sedan is a body style produced in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s. Their two-box boxy styling made these sedans more like crossover vehicles than traditional three-box sedans. Like other close-coupled body styles, the rear seats are farther forward than a regular sedan.<ref name="Haajanen" />Template:Refpage<ref name="ateupwithmotor.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This reduced the length of the body; close-coupled sedans, also known as town sedans, were the shortest of the sedan models offered.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Models of close-coupled sedans include the Chrysler Imperial,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Duesenberg Model A,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Packard 745<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Coach sedansEdit
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A two-door sedan for four or five passengers but with less room for passengers than a standard sedan. A Coach body has no external trunk for luggage. Haajanen says it can be difficult to tell the difference between a Club and a Brougham and a Coach body, as if manufacturers were more concerned with marketing their product than adhering to strict body style definitions.<ref name="HaajanenEddaido">Template:Cite book</ref>
Close-coupled saloonsEdit
Close-coupled saloons originated as four-door thoroughbred sporting horse-drawn carriages with little room for rear passengers' feet. In automotive use, manufacturers in the United Kingdom used the term to develop the chummy body, where passengers were forced to be friendly because they were tightly packed. They provided weather protection for extra passengers in what would otherwise be a two-seater car. Two-door versions would be described in the United States and France as coach bodies.<ref name="Haajanen1">Template:Cite book</ref> A postwar example is the Rover 3 Litre Coupé.
Club sedansEdit
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Produced in the United States from the mid-1920s to the mid-1950s, the name club sedan was used for highly appointed models using the sedan chassis.<ref name="Haajanen">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Refpage Some people describe a club sedan as a two-door vehicle with a body style otherwise identical to the sedan models in the range.<ref name="hemmings.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Others describe a club sedan as having either two or four doors and a shorter roof and therefore less interior space than the other sedan models in the range.<ref name="Haajanen" />Template:Refpage
Club sedan originates from a railroad train's club carriage (e.g.,, the lounge or parlour carriage).<ref name="Haajanen" />Template:Refpage
SedanetsEdit
From the 1910s to the 1950s, several United States manufacturers have named models either Sedanet or Sedanette. The term originated as a smaller version of the sedan;<ref name="Haajanen Sedanette">Template:Cite book</ref> however, it has also been used for convertibles and fastback coupes. Models that have been called Sedanet or Sedanette include the 1917 Dort Sedanet,<ref>Dort Motor Car Co, Wisconsin Motorist November 1916, H A Apple, publisher, Milwaukee</ref> King,<ref name="Haajanen Sedanette" /> 1919 Lexington,<ref name="Haajanen Sedanette" /> 1930s Cadillac Fleetwood Sedanette,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> 1949 Cadillac Series 62 Sedanette,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> 1942-1951 Buick Super Sedanet,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and 1956 Studebaker.
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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