Semen collection

A breeding mount with built-in artificial vagina used to collect semen from horses for use in artificial insemination

Semen collection refers to the process of obtaining semen from human males or other animals with the use of various methods, for the purposes of artificial insemination, or medical study (usually in fertility clinics). Semen can be collected via masturbation<ref name="Watson1978">Template:Cite book</ref> (e. g., from stallions<ref>Crump, Jim, and Julia Crump. "Stallion ejaculation induced by manual stimulation of the penis Template:Webarchive." Theriogenology 31.2 (1989): 341-346.</ref> and canids<ref>Asa, C. S. "The importance of reproductive management and monitoring in canid husbandry and endangered‐species recovery." International Zoo Yearbook 44.1 (2010): 102-108.</ref>), prostate massage, artificial vagina, penile vibratory stimulation (vibroejaculation) and electroejaculation.<ref>Lueders, I., et al. "Improved semen collection method for wild felids: urethral catheterization yields high sperm quality in African lions (Panthera leo)." Theriogenology 78.3 (2012): 696-701.</ref> Semen can be collected from endangered species for cryopreservation of genetic resources.<ref>Fickel, Jörns, Asja Wagener, and Arne Ludwig. "Semen cryopreservation and the conservation of endangered species." European Journal of Wildlife Research 53.2 (2007): 81-89.</ref>

By speciesEdit

HumansEdit

Methods of semen collection from humans include:

Masturbation, directing the sample into a clean cup.<ref name="webmd">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> This is the most common way to collect a semen sample.<ref name="webmd"/>

Sexual intercourse using a special type of condom known as a collection condom.<ref name="webmd" /> Collection condoms are made from silicone or polyurethane, as latex is somewhat harmful to sperm. Many men prefer collection condoms to masturbation, and some religions prohibit masturbation entirely. Adherents of religions that prohibit contraception may use collection condoms with holes pricked in them.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, such samples are inferior to the ones collected by masturbation in clean cup.<ref name="shaw">Padubidri; Daftary (2011). Shaw's Textbook of Gynaecology, 15e. p. 203. Template:ISBN</ref>
Coitus interruptus (withdrawal). With this technique, the man removes his penis from the vagina near the end of intercourse and ejaculates into a wide-necked cup or bottle. If an analysis of semen quality is required, this technique is generally not recommended as part of the ejaculation could be lost which decreases the accuracy of the results.<ref name="webmd" /><ref name="shaw" />
Surgical extraction, if for example a blockage in the vas deferens is suspected to impede fertility, semen can be taken directly from the epididymis. Such a collection is called percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA). Alternatively, the testicular tissue itself, instead of the sperm produced can be investigated. Then, the collecting method is called testicular sperm extraction (TESE).<ref name="teseweb">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> A Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to recommend any specific surgical sperm retrieval technique for men with azoospermia undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Penile vibratory stimulation (PVS) and electroejaculation are two other alternatives for men with anejaculation due to spinal cord injury.<ref name=Chehensse2013>Template:Cite journal</ref> The penile vibratory stimulator is a plier-like device that is placed around the glans penis to stimulate it by vibration, and provides the first-line method for sperm retrieval in spinal cord injury patients with anejaculation.<ref name=Chehensse2013/>

The best specimen is produced when a short period of 3–5 days of abstinence is observed. A more prolonged period does not yield better results.<ref name="shaw"/>

CattleEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The process of bovine semen collection is vital in the agricultural industry as it allows farmers to improve the genetics of their herds and increase the efficiency of their breeding programs.

HorsesEdit

For semen collection from stallions, the most common method used is an artificial vagina; after collecting semen, it is tested, diluted, then stored according to the intended use. Semen can be either liquid or frozen. There are many kinds of preservatives used in dilution with semen - most contain energy and antibiotics for liquid, and protection from freezing for frozen semen. Many studies are ongoing to improve preservation, increase liquid semen storage time, and reduce or remove bacteria from semen.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CanidsEdit

DogsEdit

Template:See also

File:Dog sperm collection 2.jpg

Dog sperm collection

In order to collect semen from a male dog, an artificial vagina is prepared,<ref>Johnson, Dustie Lee. "Improving semen parameters through modification of semen collection/extension." (2011).</ref><ref>Bartlett, D. J."Studies on dog semen." Journal of reproduction and fertility 3.2 (1962): 173-189.</ref> which is a conical thin latex sleeve ending in a sterile collection tube. The inside of the latex sleeve is lightly lubricated.<ref>Freshman, Joni L. "Semen collection and evaluation." Clinical techniques in small animal practice 17.3 (2002): 104-107.</ref> The male is allowed to sniff a female in estrus. Experienced studs cooperate readily in the process. New studs often require encouragement in the form of manual stimulation,<ref name="Veterinary Medicine">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Vágenknechtová, M., et al. "THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS ON THE QUALITY OF SEMEN COLLECTION AND QUALITATIVE INDICATORS OF SEMEN IN THE DOG (CANIS FAMILIARIS)." ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 59: 0.</ref> also known as "manual ejaculation".<ref name="The Dog Breeder's Guide to Successful Breeding And Health Management">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Kutzler, Michelle Anne. "Semen collection in the dog." Theriogenology 64.3 (2005): 747-754.</ref> Generally the male will mount the femaleTemplate:Failed verification, and the collector quickly directs the dog's penis into the latex sleeve. The male ejaculates and the semen is collected in the tube. The semen is then drawn up into a long thin pipette.<ref name="collection">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="The Dog Breeder's Guide to Successful Breeding And Health Management"/> Prior to ejaculation, the penis is massaged inside its sheath. It is then extruded from its sheath, and the collector massages the dog's erect penis near the base of the bulbus glandis using the thumb and index finger. The dog begins pelvic thrusting movements at the onset of ejaculation.<ref name="FeldmanNelson2004">Template:Cite book</ref>

WolvesEdit

Semen can be collected from wolves via manual stimulation<ref name="Frank1987-1">Template:Cite book</ref> or electroejaculation.<ref>Christensen, Bruce W., et al. "Effect of semen collection method on sperm motility of gray wolves ( Canis lupus) and domestic dogs ( C. l. familiaris)." Theriogenology 76.5 (2011): 975-980.</ref><ref>Asa, C. S. "Cryopreservation of Mexican gray wolf semen." Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Assisted Reproductive Technology for the Conservation and Genetic Management of Wildlife. 2001.</ref><ref>Thomassen, Ragnar, and W. Farstad. "Artificial insemination in canids: a useful tool in breeding and conservation." Theriogenology 71.1 (2009): 190-199.</ref>