Severus II
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Flavius Valerius Severus (died September 307), enumerated as Severus II,<ref>Template:Cite book Enumerated after Septimius Severus.</ref> was a Roman emperor from 306 to 307, and a member of the Tetrarchy. He shared control of the western half of the empire with Constantine I, but spent most of his short reign in a civil war against the usurper Maxentius, who later killed him and took over Italy.
Background and early careerEdit
Severus was of humble birth, born in Northern Illyria around the middle of the third century.<ref name="dimalo">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="abtcs">Aurelius Victor (4th century), Liber de Caesaribus</ref> A friend of emperor Galerius, he rose to become a senior officer in the Roman army,<ref name="dimalo"/> being nominated as caesar of the Western Roman Empire. According to Lactantius, Diocletian objected to Galerius's suggestion, saying in response, "What! That dancer, that habitual drunkard who turns night into day and day into night?" Galerius persisted, saying that Severus had served faithfully as paymaster and purveyor of the army.<ref name="Hailes">Lactantius (4th century). Lord Hailes (transl.) (2021) On the Deaths of the Persecutors. Evolution Publishing, Merchantville, NJ Template:ISBN, pp. 31-47</ref> Diocletian acquiesced and Severus succeeded to the post of caesar on 1 May 305, thus becoming the junior colleague of Constantius I, augustus of the western half of empire.<ref name="dimalo"/>
Augustus, 306–307Edit
When Constantius died in Britain in July 306, his son Constantine I was immediately acclaimed emperor by his soldiers. At the same time, Severus was promoted to augustus by Galerius. Lactantius reports that Galerius had done this to promote the older man to the higher office, while accepting the imperial symbols of Constantine and accepting him as a member of the Tetrarchy, albeit with the rank of caesar.<ref name=Hailes/> Despite his lower title, Constantine controlled most of the Western empire (Britain, Gaul, and Hispania), leaving Severus with the control of Italy and Western Africa.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
When Maxentius, the son of the retired emperor Maximian, revolted at Rome in October, Galerius sent Severus to suppress the rebellion. Severus moved towards Rome from his capital, Mediolanum, at the head of an army previously commanded by Maximian.<ref name="dimalo"/> Fearing the arrival of Severus, Maxentius offered Maximian the co-rule of the empire. Maximian accepted, and when Severus arrived under the walls of Rome and besieged it, his men deserted to Maxentius. Severus fled to Ravenna, an impregnable position.<ref name="dimalo"/> Maximian offered to spare his life and treat him humanely if he surrendered peaceably, which he did around April 307.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Despite Maximian's assurance, Severus was nonetheless displayed as a captive and later imprisoned at Tres Tabernae, near the current Cisterna di Latina.Template:Sfn One belief is that when Galerius himself invaded Italy to suppress Maxentius and Maximian, the former ordered Severus's death.<ref name="abtcs"/> His death probably took place in September or October, as documents with his name were still issued in September, while news of his death already arrived in Egypt by December.<ref name=":0" /> Lactantius reports that he was permitted to kill himself by opening his veins.<ref name=Hailes/> Another belief is that Severus was killed in Ravenna.<ref name="ancrom">Origo Constantini Imperatoris (4th century)</ref><ref>Annales Ecclesiastici, vol. 1, pp. 769-770</ref>
The position of Western augustus remained officially vacant until the Conference of Carnuntum of November 308, in which Licinius was appointed as new emperor (although his western domains only consisted of the Balkan Peninsula).Template:Sfn Severus was survived by his son Flavius Severianus, but he was later executed by Licinius for treason.Template:Sfn
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