Shadow congressperson
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The posts of shadow United States senator and shadow United States representative are held by elected or appointed government officials from subnational polities of the United States that lack congressional vote. While these officials are not seated in either chamber of Congress, they seek recognition for their subnational polity, up to full statehood. This would enfranchise them with full voting rights on the floor of the U.S. House and Senate, alongside existing states. Template:As of, only the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico currently have authorized shadow delegations to Congress.
This is distinct from shadow delegates, who are elected or appointed from subnational polities of the United States to seek non-voting participation in the House. As of 2024, only the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians elect shadow delegates.
HistoryEdit
Historically, shadow members of Congress were elected by organized incorporated territories prior to their admission to the Union.<ref name="Strauss history">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> From its origins in Tennessee, this approach is sometimes known as the Tennessee Plan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The first shadow senators, William Blount and William Cocke of the Southwest Territory, were elected in March 1796 before being seated as senators representing the newly formed state of Tennessee. Michigan, California, Minnesota, Oregon, and Alaska likewise elected shadow senators before statehood. The Alaska Territory also elected the first shadow U.S. representative, Ralph Julian Rivers, in 1956. All were eventually seated in Congress as voting members, except for Alaska shadow senator William A. Egan, who instead became governor.<ref name="Strauss history" />
| Territory | Office | Name | Elected | Seated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Southwest Template:Small |
Senator | William Blount | Mar 28, 1796 | Dec 6, 1796 |
| Senator | William Cocke | |||
| Michigan | Senator | Lucius Lyon | Nov 10, 1835 | Jan 26, 1837 |
| Senator | John Norvell | |||
| California | Senator | William M. Gwin | Dec 20, 1849 | Sep 10, 1850 |
| Senator | John C. Frémont | |||
| Minnesota | Senator | James Shields | Dec 19, 1857 | May 12, 1858 |
| Oregon | Senator | Joseph Lane | Jul 5, 1858 | Feb 14, 1859 |
| Senator | Delazon Smith | |||
| Alaska | Senator | Ernest Gruening | Oct 6, 1956 | Jan 7, 1959 |
| Senator | William A. Egan | Elected governor in 1958 | ||
| Representative | Ralph J. Rivers | Jan 7, 1959 |
District of Columbia officeholdersEdit
The election of shadow congresspersons from the District of Columbia is authorized by a state constitution ratified by D.C. voters in 1982 but was never approved by Congress.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
District of Columbia shadow senatorsEdit
The voters of the District of Columbia elect two shadow U.S. senators who are known as senators by the District of Columbia but are not officially sworn in or seated by the U.S. Senate. Shadow U.S. senators were first elected in 1990.
The current shadow United States senators from the District of Columbia are Paul Strauss and Ankit Jain.<ref>Election profiles Michael D. Brown (D), The Washington Post, 2006, retrieved, September 30, 2012.</ref>
Template:List of United States senators heading
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! rowspan=8 | 1
| rowspan=8 align=left |
Florence Pendleton
| rowspan=8 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic
| rowspan=8 nowrap width=14% | Jan 3, 1991 –
Jan 3, 2007
| rowspan=2 width=12% | Elected in 1990.
| rowspan=2 | 1
| Template:List of United States senators Congress
| rowspan=3 | 1
| rowspan=3 width=12% | Elected in 1990.
Retired.
| rowspan=3 nowrap width=14% | Jan 3, 1991 –
Jan 3, 1997
| rowspan=3 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic
| rowspan=3 align=right | File:JesseJackson.png
Jesse Jackson
! rowspan=3 | 1
|- style="height:2em" | Template:List of United States senators Congress
|- style="height:2em" | rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 1994. | rowspan=3 | 2 | Template:List of United States senators Congress
|- style="height:2em"
| Template:List of United States senators Congress
| rowspan=3 | 2
| rowspan=3 | Elected in 1996.
| rowspan=15 nowrap wdith=14% | Jan 3, 1997 –
present
| rowspan=15 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic
| rowspan=15 align=right | File:Paul Strauss, 2015.jpg
Paul Strauss
! rowspan=15 | 2
|- style="height:2em" | Template:List of United States senators Congress
|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2000.
Was not re-nominated as a Democrat.
Lost re-election bid as an independent.
| rowspan=3 | 3
| Template:List of United States senators Congress
|- style="height:2em" | Template:List of United States senators Congress | rowspan=3 | 3 | rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2002.
|- style="height:2em" | Template:List of United States senators Congress
|- style="height:2em"
! rowspan=9 | 2
| rowspan=9 align=left | File:Michael Donald Brown.jpg
Mike Brown
| rowspan=4 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic
| rowspan=9 nowrap width=14% | Jan 3, 2007 –
Jan 3, 2025
| rowspan=3 | Elected in 2006.
| rowspan=3 | 4
| Template:List of United States senators Congress
|- style="height:2em" | Template:List of United States senators Congress | rowspan=3 | 4 | rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2008.
|- style="height:2em" | Template:List of United States senators Congress
|- style="height:2em" | rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2012. | rowspan=3 | 5 | Template:List of United States senators Congress
|- style="height:2em" | Template:Party shading/Independent| Independent | Template:List of United States senators Congress | rowspan=3 | 5 | rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2014.
|- style="height:2em" | rowspan=4 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | Template:List of United States senators Congress
|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2018.
Retired.
| rowspan=3 | 6
| Template:List of United States senators Congress
|- style="height:2em" | Template:List of United States senators Congress | rowspan=3 | 6 | rowspan=3 | Re-elected in 2020.
|- style="height:2em" | Template:List of United States senators Congress
|- style=height:2em"
! 3
| align=left |
Ankit Jain
| Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic
| nowrap width=14% | Jan 3, 2025 –
present
| Elected in 2024.
| 7
| Template:List of United States senators Congress
Template:List of United States senators footer
District of Columbia shadow representativesEdit
The voters of the District of Columbia elect one shadow representative who is recognized as equivalent to U.S. representatives by the District of Columbia but is not recognized by the U.S. government as an actual member of the House of Representatives. A shadow representative was first elected in 1990. Inaugural office-holder Charles Moreland held the seat for two terms. In November 2020, Oye Owolewa was elected to succeed retiring shadow representative Franklin Garcia.
D.C.'s shadow U.S. representative should not be confused with the non-voting delegate who represents the district in Congress.
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Puerto Rico officeholdersEdit
The posts of shadow representatives and senators for Puerto Rico were created in 2017 as part of a newly formed Puerto Rico Equality Commission<ref>Template:Cite act</ref> to fulfill campaign promises made by the New Progressive Party, which gained control of both the executive and legislative branch in the 2016 elections in part with calls for a status referendum in 2017. Pro-statehood governor Ricardo Rosselló appointed five shadow representatives and two shadow senators<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with the advice and consent of the Senate of Puerto Rico.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Following the pro-statehood vote in the 2020 Puerto Rican status referendum, the Puerto Rican legislature passed in a lame duck session Law 167 of 2020,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> replacing the Puerto Rico Equality Commission with the new Commission to the Congressional Delegation of Puerto Rico and establishing an electoral process for shadow delegates to Congress. Although an effort to overturn Law 167 passed the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico in early 2021 after the Popular Democratic Party gained control of the legislature, it did not have enough votes to sustain a threatened veto from pro-statehood governor Pedro Pierluisi.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Popular elections for two shadow senators and four shadow members of Congress will be held on a nonpartisan basis every four years, with the first election held on May 16, 2021, so the delegates can take office on July 1. The law also appropriated funds for the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration to cover the wages of the delegates and serve as their headquarters in Washington, D.C., where they will work on the statehood process with the island's resident commissioner in Congress.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Puerto Rico shadow senatorsEdit
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|- style="height:2em"
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| rowspan=4 align=left | Zoraida Fonalledas
| rowspan=4 Template:Party shading/New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico) | New Progressive/
Republican
| rowspan=4 nowrap width=14% | Aug 15, 2017 –
Jul 1, 2021
| rowspan=4 width=14% | Appointed in 2017.
Successor elected.
| rowspan=4 | 1
| Template:List of United States senators Congress
| rowspan=3 | 1
| rowspan=3 width=14% | Appointed in 2017.
Died.
| rowspan=3 nowrap width=14% | Aug 15, 2017 –
May 2, 2021
| rowspan=3 Template:Party shading/New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico) | New Progressive/
Democratic
| rowspan=3 align=right | File:Carlos Romero Barcelo (cropped).png
Carlos Romero Barceló
! rowspan=3 | 1
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|- style="height:2em" | Template:List of United States senators Congress
|- style="height:2em" | rowspan=3 Template:List of United States senators Congress
|- style="height:2em"
| rowspan=4 | 2
| rowspan=1 nowrap width=14% | May 2, 2021 –
Jul 1, 2021
| rowspan=1 colspan=4 | Vacant
|- style="height:2em"
! rowspan=3 | 2
| rowspan=3 align=left | Melinda Romero Donnelly
| rowspan=3 Template:Party shading/New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico) | New Progressive/
Democratic
| rowspan=3 | July 1, 2021 – December 31, 2024
| rowspan=3 | Elected in 2021.
Term expired
| rowspan=3 | 2
| rowspan=3 | Elected in 2021.
Term expired
| rowspan=3 nowrap width=14% | Jul 1, 2021 – December 31, 2024
| rowspan=3 Template:Party shading/New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico) | New Progressive/
Republican
| rowspan=3 align=right | File:Zoraida Buxó 2023 (cropped).jpg
Zoraida Buxó
! rowspan=3 | 2
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Puerto Rico shadow representativesEdit
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See alsoEdit
- District of Columbia voting rights
- District of Columbia statehood movement
- Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico
- Statehood movement in Puerto Rico
- Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives