Sheathbill

The sheathbills are a family of birds, Chionidae. Classified in the wader order Charadriiformes, the family consists of one genus, Chionis with two species. They breed on subantarctic islands and the Antarctic Peninsula, and the snowy sheathbill migrates to the Falkland Islands and coastal southern South America in the southern winter; they are the only bird family endemic as breeders to the Antarctic region.<ref name=Firefly>Template:Cite book</ref> They are also the only Antarctic birds without webbed feet.

Description

Sheathbills have white plumage including a thick layer of down, with only the face and leg colours distinguishing the two species. They appear plump and dove-like, but are believed to be similar to the ancestors of the modern gulls and terns.Template:Citation needed There is a rudimentary spur on the "wrist" or carpal joint, as in plovers. The skin around the eye is bare, as is the skin above the bill, which has carbuncular swellings. They derive their English name from the horny sheath which partially covers the upper mandible of their stout bills.<ref name=Firefly/> They are commonly known in the Antarctic as "Mutts" because of their call which is a soft "Mutt, mutt, mutt".Template:Citation needed

Taxonomy

The genus Chionis was introduced in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The type species is the snowy sheathbill, Chionis albus.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The genus name is from the Ancient Greek Template:Transliteration meaning snow.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Genetic studies of the order Charadriiformes show the sheathbills to be a sister group of the thick-knees of the family Burhinidae. These two groups together are in turn a sister group to the Recurvirostridae-Haematopodidae and Charadriidae.<ref>Christidis and Boles, p. 128</ref> Recent research on the Magellanic plover (Pluvianellus socialis) of southern South America has indicated it too may be classified within the sheathbill family.<ref>Christidis and Boles, p. 132</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The two species are: Template:Species table

Behaviour

Sheathbills habitually walk on the ground, somewhat like rails. They fly only when alarmed or in migration, looking like pigeons.<ref name=Firefly/>

Food and feeding

The sheathbills are scavengers and opportunistic feeders, consuming invertebrates, faeces, and carrion—including seal afterbirth and stillborn seal pups—between the tidelines. They also take chicks and eggs from penguins and cormorants.Template:Citation Needed

The bird has also been observed to directly pilfer milk from the elephant seals’ teats.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Breeding

During the penguin breeding season, which is also the sheathbill breeding season, pairs of sheathbills in penguin colonies maintain territories covering a number of penguin nests. Two mated sheathbills often work together to harass adult penguins, nimbly avoiding their attempts to peck; they gain access to the eggs or chicks or steal the krill that the adult penguins regurgitate to feed their chicks. Near the few human settlements of the region, they boldly forage for offal. Because of this diet, they spend a good deal of time cleaning themselves.<ref name=Firefly/>

They lay two or three blotchy white eggs in crevices or rock cavities.<ref name=EoB>Template:Cite book</ref> The nests are lined messily with seaweed, stones, feathers, guano, bones, and occasionally plastic trash; even dead chicks may not be removed. Incubation lasts 28 to 32 days, and the young fledge 50 to 60 days later.<ref name=Firefly/>

External links

• Sheathbill videos on the Internet Bird Collection