Sheffield Castle
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Sheffield Castle was a castle in Sheffield, England, constructed at the confluence of the River Sheaf and the River Don, possibly on the site of a former Anglo-Saxon long house, and dominating the early town. A motte and bailey castle had been constructed on the site at some time in the century following the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. This was destroyed in the Second Barons' War. Construction of a second castle, this time in stone, began four years later in 1270.
Mary, Queen of Scots was held prisoner in this castle and its associated estates at various times during the 14 years between 1570 and 1584, alternating with other properties of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury. The castle was held by Royalist forces for part of the English Civil War, and was surrendered to the Parliamentarians in 1644 following a short siege. Its demolition was ordered soon after, and the castle was razed.
There are no known surviving drawings or plans of the castle, but excavations in the 1920s revealed stone foundations from the castle begun in 1270 as well as evidence of earlier structures. Further architectural investigation was possible in 2015, following the demolition of the 20th-century market which had been built on top of the ruins.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
BackgroundEdit
Sheffield Castle was located at the confluence of the River Sheaf and the River Don (Template:Coord), on the western bank of the Sheaf and the southern bank of the Don. The rivers provided defence to the north and east and there was a moat on the south and western sides of the castle.<ref name="Hey 2010 15">Template:Harvnb</ref> This site was largely covered by Castle Market which was demolished in 2015.
Early activity on the site is suggested by several finds including a Bronze Age flint horseshoe scraper, and in the Roman period Samian Ware and Silchester pottery,<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> discovered during excavations in the 1920s.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
The site of the castle is the place where the earliest settlement at Sheffield was founded sometime in the second half of the 1st millennium AD.<ref name=Vickers>Template:Harvnb</ref> The Domesday Book of 1086 states that, prior to the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, Waltheof II, Earl of Northumbria, had an aula (hall) in the manor of Hallam. In the same entry, it is reported that the manor of Sheffield—which had been part of Hallam—was under the Lordship of Sweyn at the time of the conquest. It has been speculated that Waltheof's aula or Sweyn's stronghold may have been at this site, and excavations between 1927 and 1930 were claimed to have uncovered evidence of a Saxon structure.<ref name=SCC>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, on the basis of three separate extracts from the Domesday Survey it can be shown that the manors of Hallam, Attercliffe, and Sheffield were three distinct and separate entities at the time of the Survey and beyond; and that the village of Hallam and Waltheof's aula could only have been located in the manor of Hallam, and not Sheffield.<ref>Hallam, 2015a The Village of Hallam and Waltheof's Aula. https://docs.com/robert-hallam/8554/the-village-of-hallam-and-waltheofs-aula Template:Webarchive</ref>
The studies conducted by A. L. Armstrong during the archaeological investigations of the late 1920s provide evidence that the Saxon remains were not those of Waltheof's aula.<ref>Hallam, 2015b Saxon Remains at Castle Hill, Sheffield. A Review of Archaeological Findings. https://docs.com/robert-hallam/1174/saxon-remains-at-castle-hill-sheffield-a-review-of Template:Webarchive</ref> Armstrong's description suggests that the timbers were cut down to the level of the surrounding earth, burned, and the area immediately cleared to make way for the construction of the Lovetot castle (circa 1100), some two decades after the destruction of Waltheof's aula.
William de Lovetot's castleEdit
The construction of the first castle at Sheffield following the Norman invasion of England is usually attributed to William de Lovetot, an Anglo-Norman Baron from Huntingdonshire, meant to keep the local rebellious populace subdued after the Harrying of the North.<ref name="Hey 2010 15"/><ref name=Hunter25>Template:Harvnb</ref> De Lovetot acquired the lordship of the manor of Hallamshire (including Sheffield) in the early twelfth century during the reign of Henry I.<ref name=Hunter25 /> The earliest known reference to a castle at Sheffield is a return made by Ralph Murdac, sheriff of Derbyshire, concerning the wardship of Maud de Lovetot (the great granddaughter of William), dating from around 1188.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
It is thought that this castle was a wooden motte and bailey type. Maud de Lovetot married Gerard de Furnival in 1204 and the castle and town of Sheffield passed to the Furnival family. Gerard de Furnival's grandson, Thomas, supported the Royalist cause during the Second Barons' War of 1264–1267. In 1266 a party of anti-monarchy barons, led by John de Eyvill, marching from north Lincolnshire to Derbyshire passed through Sheffield and destroyed the town, burning the church and castle.<ref name=Vickers />
Thomas de Furnival's castleEdit
In 1270 Thomas de Furnival obtained a charter from King Henry III to build a castle at Sheffield. Thomas died soon after the castle was completed and was buried in the castle. The castle was damaged on 24 February 1574 when Sheffield suffered an earthquake damaging the apartment where Mary Queen of Scots was held prisoner.<ref name=":0" /> In 1707 a report was published stating that, when the castle was demolished in 1648, a large flat stone was found engraved I Lord Furnival; I built this castle-hall; And under this wall; Within this tomb was my burial.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
De Furnival's castle was built of stone, and extended from the river Sheaf to Waingate and from the river Don to Dixon Lane, an area of about Template:Convert. A Template:Convert park was attached to the castle, it extended from the castle to Gleadless to the south and Handsworth to the east.<ref name=Taylor>Template:Harvnb</ref> In 1516, George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury, built the alternative residence of Sheffield Manor in the park.
Destruction of the castleEdit
On 11 October 1642, as England moved towards civil war, the town and castle were seized by Parliamentarians under Sir John Gell.<ref name=Hunter>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> In April 1643, Royalists under Earl of Newcastle entered Yorkshire and took Leeds, Wakefield, and Rotherham before approaching Sheffield. The Parliamentarians abandoned Sheffield for Derbyshire, and the Royalists captured the castle without fighting.<ref name=Taylor /> Newcastle left a garrison at the castle commanded by Sir William Savile. According to Margaret Cavendish, Newcastle's wife:
Savile passed control of Sheffield and the castle to his deputy, Major Thomas Beaumont, who held them until August 1644. That month the Earl of Manchester sent 1,200 Parliamentarians troops under Major-General Crawford and Colonel Pickering to recapture Sheffield. Initially, the besiegers artillery could not breach the walls; their largest gun was a demi-culverin. On General Crawford's request, Lord Fairfax reinforced the siege with a demi-cannon (the Queen's pocket-pistoll) and a whole culverin. These extra cannon breached the walls and the Royalists surrendered under the following terms:<ref name=Hunter />
The Lady Savile mentioned in the agreement was the widow of Sir William Savile. She was pregnant at the time of the siege, and went into labour the night after the castle was surrendered.<ref name=Hunter />
Following the siege Colonel John Bright of Carbrook Hall became governor of the castle before being reassigned as governor of the city of York. Control of Sheffield passed to Captain Edward Gill. The House of Commons ordered the castle to be made untenable on 30 April 1646, but then ordered its demolition on 13 July 1647. Despite considerable demolition work, in 1649 the Earl of Arundel repurchased Sheffield castle with the intention of restoring it, but the damage was too great and no restoration work was ever started.<ref name=Hunter /> The castle was soon completely razed; the site was used as an orchard and then a bowling green before being built over.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Some of the stone from the castle was used in the construction of the now demolished Free Grammar School of King James of England, within the town of Sheffield, in the County of York, which was built on Townhead Street in 1648.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Archaeological investigations and remainsEdit
1920sEdit
An excavation led by Leslie Armstrong in 1927, before the construction of the Brightside and Carbrook Co-operative Society store, uncovered the base of one of the gateway bastion towers, as well as part of the gateway itself.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=IDIGSHEFFIELD>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These remains of the castle are preserved under the city's Castle Market: they are Grade II listed<ref>
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The visible remains were situated in two rooms below the now demolished Castle Market. One room was open to the public, pending booking of a tour, the other room was walled and the only access was via a manhole in the market's food court. The remaining ruins, approximately 32 feet above the River Don, are those of one of the gate towers, they represent a quarter of the Eastern tower.
1999 to 2001Edit
More recent excavations in 1999 and 2001<ref name=IDIGSHEFFIELD /> by ARCUS, Sheffield University's archaeological research and consultancy unit, revealed the castle to have been much larger than had been thought: among the largest medieval castles in England.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Drilling was done in the upper food court delivery yard and flag stones left in situ to mark boundaries of the castle.
A group of volunteers have formed the Friends of Sheffield Castle to research and promote the interests of the remains.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Castlegate redevelopmentEdit
Sheffield City Council announced plans in August 2014 to rebuild the entrance to the castle as part of a £5 million regeneration of the city's Castlegate area. The plan is dependent on raising the required funds; the council has committed £1 million to the project, and further financial support has come through a series of bids.<ref name="BBC News 1 August 2014">Template:Cite news</ref>
In July 2017 a £786,000 fund was announced to redevelop the Sheffield Castlegate area as a green corridor, including funding of a major archaeological dig.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The excavation project was undertaken in August 2018 by Wessex Archaeology in cooperation with students from the University of Sheffield's archaeology department.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A virtual reality model of the Castle, created by the University, was on display from 20 to 27 September 2018 at the Millennium Gallery.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
NotesEdit
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