Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox aircraft
The Short Empire was a medium-range four-engined monoplane flying boat, designed and developed by Short Brothers during the 1930s to meet the requirements of the growing commercial airline sector, with a particular emphasis upon its usefulness upon the core routes that served the United Kingdom. It was developed and manufactured in parallel with the Short Sunderland maritime patrol bomber, which went on to serve in the Second World War; a further derivative that was later developed was the piggy-back Short Mayo Composite.
The development of the Short Empire had been heavily influenced by its primary customer, Imperial Airways, which had originally developed the requirements to which it was initially ordered and designed. Imperial Airways, and its successor, the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), along with Qantas and TEAL, operated the type in commercial service. Upon entering service, the Empire routinely flew between the British mainland and Australia and the various British colonies in Africa and Asia, typically carrying a combination of passenger and mail cargoes; Empires were also used on various other routes, such as between Bermuda and New York City.
The Empire also saw military service during the Second World War. The Royal Air Force (RAF), Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF), and briefly the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) used the type to conduct various military operations, particularly as an airborne platform for anti-submarine patrols and for general transport duties.
DevelopmentEdit
OriginsEdit
During the 1930s, global demand for air travel was consistently and rapidly growing. Thus, keen to grow its share of this emerging market, British airline Imperial Airways was keen to expand and sought the latest technology to do so. In particular, Imperial Airways' technical adviser, Major Robert Hobart Mayo developed a specification for a new type of aircraft to serve both passenger and freight requirements throughout the world.<ref name = "norris 3">Norris 1966, p. 3.</ref> This specification sought an aircraft that would be capable of carrying up to 24 passengers in spacious comfort along with adequate room for airmail or freight while simultaneously being capable of a cruising speed of Template:Convert and a range of at least Template:Convert; the capacity for an extended range of Template:Convert to serve the North Atlantic route was also stipulated.<ref name = "norris 3"/> At the time, it was not considered possible to construct a land-based aeroplane of such size and weight which would have acceptable landing/take-off performance; thus it was determined that a flying boat would be required.<ref name = "norris 3"/>
Early on, it was apparent that Short Brothers, who had previously developed and produced several satisfactory large flying boats for Imperial Airways and the Royal Air Force (RAF), would be a frontrunner to fulfil the requirement.<ref name = "norris 3"/> However, Shorts was hesitant to build such an aircraft straight from the drawing board without the production of a preceding prototype, and thus requested to be allowed to build such an aircraft; this was rejected by Imperial Airways, who stated that such a delay was not permissible.<ref name = "norris 3"/> In 1935, Imperial Airways announced the placement of an order for 28 flying boats of an as-of-yet undesigned type, weighing 18 tonnes each; the order was reportedly hailed as being "one of the world's boldest experiments in aviation", while sceptics referred to the decision as being a gamble.<ref name = "norris 3"/>
A design team led by Arthur Gouge set about designing what would become the Empire. It was quickly determined that, in order to have sufficient clearance between the tips of the propellers and the water, the wing would need to be in a high mounted position; initially to be housed in a hump above the fuselage for sufficient height, the fuselage depth was instead increased, providing more internal volume than required but enabling a lighter and stronger integration of the cantilever wing with the fuselage.<ref name = "norris 3"/> Shorts' own convention for wide planing bottomed hulls for its flying boats was overturned as the 18-tonne weight would generate excessive drag with such a configuration; following a series of water tank experiments, a new type of planing bottom with a reduced beam deemed suitable.<ref name = "norris 3"/> The basic aerodynamic design was derived from the smaller Short Scion Senior floatplane, which served in all but name as a half-scale prototype for the Empire and for its sibling, the military-orientated Short Sunderland.<ref name = "norris 3 4">Norris 1966, pp. 3–4.</ref>
At the time of development, the British aircraft industry had never attempted to construct an aeroplane of this size and complexity before; accordingly, many new techniques were devised to overcome problems encountered, particularly during its construction process.<ref name = "norris 4">Norris 1966, p. 4.</ref> Shorts had to develop its own machinery to produce the necessary T-shaped Hiduminium alloy lengths that comprised the main spar.<ref name = "norris 4"/> A specialised and patented flap arrangement, known as Gouge flaps after their creator, was employed on the Empire to increase wing area with only a small increase in drag and without heavy disrupting airflow over the top of the aerofoil; in operation, the lift coefficient of the wing could be increased by 30 percent, reducing the landing speed by 12 per cent, without employing any trimming to adjust.<ref name = "norris 3"/>
Initial productionEdit
On 4 July 1936, the first Empire flying boat to be built, G-ADHL, named Canopus, conducted its maiden flight, flown by Shorts' chief test pilot, John Lankester Parker.<ref name = "norris 6 7">Norris 1966, pp. 6–7.</ref> Early flights of the type were relatively trouble-free, Parker declaring his satisfaction with the aircraft's performance; the new styling of the planing bottom used also quickly proved its value.<ref name = "norris 6 7">Norris 1966, pp. 6–7.</ref> On 17 September 1936, G-ADHL first flew on behalf of Imperial Airways, piloted by Major H G Brackley, Imperial Airways' air superintendent; the final delivery and proving flight of the aircraft to Marseille, France took place on 22 October 1936.<ref name = "norris 7">Norris 1966, p. 7.</ref> The first series of the Short Empires, the S.23, could carry five crew, 17 passengers, and 4,480 lb (2,035 kg) of cargo at a maximum speed of 174 knots (320 km/h) and was powered by four Template:Convert Bristol Pegasus Xc radial engines.<ref>THE AEROPLANE 28 October 1936</ref>
The second Empire and the first of the long-range models to be produced, G-ADHM, named Caledonia, performed her first flight on 15 September 1936 and was delivered to Imperial Airways on 4 December 1936.<ref name = "norris 7"/> From September 1936 onwards, the Empire was produced at a rate of one aircraft per month; typically, each aircraft's delivery date occurred only a few days after having performed its maiden flight, the hand-over sometimes happened immediately following the first flight.<ref name = "norris 7"/> The Empire was officially known as the C-class by Imperial Airways and each aircraft operated by them was given a name beginning with a C.
On 26 February 1938, the final three Empires of the initial order placed by Imperial Airways – Coorong, Coogee and Corio – were diverted from the Imperial Airways order and were delivered instead to the Anglo-Australian Qantas Empire Airways.<ref name = "norris 7 10">Norris 1966, pp. 7–10.</ref> In late 1937, due to Imperial Airways' satisfaction with its operational experience with the aircraft of the initial batch, the company placed a follow-on order for another 11 Empires; combined with the original order of 28 this had the distinction of being the largest single order to have ever been placed for a British civil aircraft at that time.<ref name = "norris 10 11">Norris 1966, pp. 10–11.</ref> While the first three aircraft of the additional order were of the typical S.23 class, intended for Qantas Empire Airways, the rest were manufactured to a differing design, designated as the S.30.<ref name = "norris 11">Norris 1966, p. 11.</ref> A total of 42 Empires were built, all at Short's Rochester factory.
Further developmentEdit
The S.30 series was outfitted with four Bristol Perseus XIIc sleeve valve engines in the place of the Pegasus engines; the Perseus engines were more efficient but provided a lower power output of Template:Convert, but the decrease in developed thrust was effectively compensated for via the adoption of smaller diameter nacelles which had resulted in a substantial reduction in drag.<ref name = "norris 11"/> It also had a strengthened airframe and used heavier gauge sheeting on the fuselage and wings; while these changes allowed the takeoff weight to be increased to Template:Convert with a corresponding range of Template:Convert, the S.30 had broadly the same performance as the preceding S.23 flying boats.<ref name = "norris 11"/>
The first of the S.30 flying boats to be laid out and completed was G-AFCT, named Champion.<ref name="norris 11" /> In December 1938, the second S.30 aircraft G-AFCU, named Cabot became the first aircraft of the series to conduct the first successful takeoff. The last three aircraft of this order – Captain Cook, Clare and Aotearoa – were renamed and re-registered for use by TEAL.<ref name = "norris 11"/> In 1939, a final S.30 flying boat, G-AFKZ, was ordered and delivered to Imperial Airways in late March 1940.<ref name = "norris 11"/>
A total of four flying S.30 series flying boats – Cabot, Caribou, Clyde and Connemara – were equipped with in-flight refuelling equipment and extra fuel tanks in order that they could be used to provide a regular transatlantic airmail service. The concept was for the aircraft to take off at lower weights and, once airborne, take on extra fuel to reach an all up weight of Template:Convert, giving the aircraft a range of over Template:Convert. The extra fuel reduced the payload to Template:Convert against the Template:Convert of the standard aeroplane. The refuelling was performed by three converted Handley Page Harrow bombers, one operating out of Ireland and two out of Newfoundland.
In 1939, Imperial Airways placed a further follow-on order for a modified model of the S.30, designated as the S.33.<ref name = "norris 11"/> This series had the same basic construction as its immediate predecessors, the new Pegasus XI engine, a development of the powerplant used by the original S.23 series, was adopted instead. Out of these three final aircraft, only two – Clifton and Cleopatra – would be completed and delivered to the newly formed British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC).<ref name = "norris 11"/>
A substantial larger development of the Empire flying boat, effectively a new aircraft, was the S.26, designated as the G-class.<ref name = "norris 13">Norris 1966, p. 13.</ref> The aircraft had similar appearance to the standard Empire, but was in fact roughly about 15 percent larger in all dimensions, as well as differing in its use of the more powerful Bristol Hercules radial engine. It adopted an improved hull design, featuring a wing span of Template:Convert and a length of Template:Convert. It was intended to be used for year-round services on the north Atlantic route.<ref name = "norris 13"/> Only a small number were built, and these were quickly impressed into military service during the Second World War.<ref name = "norris 13 14">Norris 1966, pp. 13–14.</ref>
DesignEdit
The Short Empire flying boat was a relatively clean-looking high-wing monoplane, initially powered by an arrangement of four wing-mounted Bristol Pegasus Xc radial engines which drove de Havilland-built variable-pitch propellers.<ref name = "norris 4 6">Norris 1966, pp. 4–6.</ref> The engines were each enclosed within NACA cowls and mounted ahead of the leading edge of the wings. This allowed portions of the leading edge adjacent to the engines to be hinged forwards and used as platforms from which to maintain the engines.<ref>Pegram, page 182.</ref>
The Pegasus Xc engines could each produce Template:Convert on takeoff, decreasing to Template:Convert at an altitude of 3,500 ft.<ref name = "norris 6"/> Alternative engines were installed upon various models of the aircraft, of both greater and lower power outputs depending upon the model's role and purpose. Initial production aircraft were designed for a Template:Convert gross weight; however, by 1939, many aircraft had been strengthened for an increased gross weight of Template:Convert.<ref>"The Greatest Short." Flight, 20 July 1939. p. e.</ref> Overall, its useful load included Template:Convert of fuel (weighing Template:Convert), Template:Convert of oil, assorted onboard equipment (weighing Template:Convert), along with the payload itself and a crew complement of five (weighing Template:Convert).<ref name = "norris 4"/> The S.23 series achieved a top speed of Template:Convert at an altitude of Template:Convert along with a cruising speed of Template:Convert and a minimum flying speed of Template:Convert.<ref name = "norris 7"/>
The wings had a flush-riveted Alclad covering and featured both Frise-type ailerons and the internally-developed Gouge flaps, the latter of which were actuated by an electric motor connected via a gearing system and screw jacks, allowing the flaps to be lowered in 60 seconds and raised within 90 seconds.<ref name = "norris 4"/> Large cylindrical 325-gallon fuel tanks were accommodated within the wings, set in between the inner and outer engines, and were fitted as standard; on long-range variants of the aircraft, additional fuel tanks were present in the wings, up to a total of three containing 280 gallons, 325 gallons, and 175 gallons in each wing. Elements of the leading edge of the wing, set upon either side of the engine nacelles, could be folded down to act as servicing platforms for both the engines and the floats, the latter of which were carried upon tandem struts fixed onto the main spar and featured shock absorbers in order to eliminate undue torsional loads being transmitted to the wings by the sudden impact of waves while travelling at speed.<ref name = "norris 4"/>
The hull, which had adopted a radically new shape, employed mainly traditional construction methods at Shorts. The structure used a combination of Z-shaped stringers and I-shaped girders to form triangular sections that ran along the chines located at the point where the fuselage sides met with the planing underside.<ref name = "norris 5">Norris 1966, p. 5.</ref> As a measure to simplify manufacturing and to increase the available internal volume, only a simple curvature sweeping the sides of the hull into the chines was employed; on previous Shorts-built flying boats, a more complex S-shaped curvature and a sudden reduction in beam just above the chines had been employed instead.<ref name = "norris 5"/>
The Template:Convert deep hull accommodated a total of two decks, the upper deck forming a lengthy compartment divided into sections to accommodate Template:Convert of freight and mail along with a storage space and a ship's clerk's office. This office contained controls such as electrical fuseboxes and circuit switches, ventilation controls, and fuelcocks.<ref name = "norris 5"/> The lower deck contained a large marine compartment containing an anchor, a pair of drogues, a mooring bollardTemplate:Broken anchor, and a boat hook, along with a step ladder to the cockpit; aft of the mooring compartment was the forward passenger saloon, followed by a central corridor flanked by the toilets and galley, a mid-ship cabin, a spacious promenade cabin, and finally an aft-cabin.<ref name = "norris 5 6">Norris 1966, pp. 5–6.</ref> The cabins could be alternatively outfitted with comfortable seating or bunks for sleeper services. Near the rear of the aircraft, a further compartment for the purpose of containing freight and mail was present which extended into the after fuselage.<ref name = "norris 5 6"/>
The flying crew was seated in a spacious cockpit, also referred to as the bridge; the captain and co-pilot were seated side-by-side while the radio operator sat behind the captain, facing rearwards.<ref name = "norris 5"/> The flight deck was relatively well equipped for the era, including features such as an autopilot; the flying instrumentation included a Hughes turn indicator, compass, and variometer, a Sperry Corporation artificial horizon and heading indicator, a Kollsman sensitive altimeter, a Marconi radio direction finder, a Smiths chronometer, and an attitude indicator.<ref name = "norris 6">Norris 1966, p. 6.</ref> The radio operator was furnished with Marconi shock-proof radio sets for receiving and transmitting across the radio spectrum; the retractable loop antenna could be repositioned for visual or aural homing.<ref name = "norris 6"/>
While designed as civil aircraft, examples of the type would not only see military service but be specifically refitted for this purpose. In 1941, two Empire flying boats – Clio and Cordelia returned to Shorts' Belfast facility, where they were modified with the addition of gun turrets in dorsal and rear positions and air to surface vessel (ASV) radar equipment installed on the top and sides of the fuselage.<ref name = "norris 14"/> They were used by Coastal Command. More extensive military use was made of the Empire's sibling design, the Short Sunderland.
Operational historyEdit
On 8 February 1937, one of the Empire flying boats, Castor, conducted the first regular flight, flying from Calshot, Hampshire, England to Alexandria, Egypt.<ref name = "norris 10">Norris 1966, p. 10.</ref> This flight, which covered a distance of roughly Template:Convert non-stop, showed that Britain could move military material to its overseas bases by air.<ref>"Flying-boat Prestige." Flight, 15 February 1937.</ref> On 18 February 1937, Caledonia, the first of the Empires built, flew the same Calshot-Alexandria route; it was able to traverse the route non-stop at an average speed of 170 mph.<ref name = "norris 10"/>
On 5 July 1937, the first crossing of the Atlantic by an Empire flying boat was conducted.<ref name = "norris 10"/> On an experimental basis, Caledonia, piloted by Captain W N Cummings, flew a Template:Convert route from Foynes on the River Shannon, Ireland west to Botwood on the Bay of Exploits, Newfoundland. On the same day, an American Sikorsky S-42 flying boat flew the opposite direction.<ref name = "norris 10"/> Caledonia took just over 15 hours (including a period spend searching for a landing spot), flying at an altitude of Template:Convert to cover Template:Convert—an average speed of about Template:Convert. On its return flight, conducted on 22 July 1937, Caledonia flew the same route in the opposite direction in a time of 12 hours; in comparison to the competing Sikorsky S-42, the Empire was able to traverse the overall route faster.<ref name = "norris 10"/>
Several more survey flights of the Atlantic were made by Caledonia and Cambria. In August 1937, Cambria conducted the east–west flight in 14 hrs 24 min. In 1937, Cavalier was shipped to Bermuda and, after reassembly, started a service between there and New York City on 25 May 1937.<ref name="jackson" />
The Short Empire was designed to operate along the Imperial Airways routes to South Africa and Australia, where no leg was much over Template:Convert. After the design of the Empire had been finalised and production had commenced, it was recognised that, with some pressure from the United States, it would be desirable to offer a similar service across the Atlantic. The range of the S.23 was less than that of the equivalent American-built counterpart in the form of the Sikorsky S-42, and as such it could not provide a true transatlantic service. Two boats (Caledonia and Cambria) were lightened and furnished with long-range tanks; both aircraft were used in experimental in-flight refuelling trials in order for them to conduct the journey; these modifications came at the cost of being able to carry fewer passengers and less cargo.
In an attempt to manage the Atlantic crossing, an alternative 'piggy-back' approach was trialled. This concept had been strongly advocated for by Imperial Airways' technical adviser, Major Robert Hobart Mayo, as a means of significantly increasing both range and payload, and had been well received by both the airline and the British Air Ministry, the latter of which placed an order with Shorts.<ref name = "norris 11 12">Norris 1966, pp. 11–12.</ref> Using the S.21 design (based on the S.23) as the carrier, a smaller four-engined floatplane, the Short S.20, was mounted upon its back; the most obvious difference between the S.21 and regular S.23 aeroplanes was the additional superstructure to carry the floatplane.<ref name = "norris 12"/> Only a single example was built of the S.21 carrier aircraft, named Maia, and of the S.20, named Mercury. Together, they were known as the Short Mayo Composite.<ref>Robert Mayo – Short Aircraft Engineer's Concept</ref><ref name = "norris 12"/>
On 21 July 1938, a successful mid-air launch of Mercury was executed off the west coast of Ireland while carrying a 600 lb payload of mixed cargo and mail; it arrived at Montreal, Canada, Template:Convert 22 hrs 22 min later, having achieved an average speed of Template:Convert.<ref name = "norris 12">Norris 1966, p. 12.</ref> In further flights, the Empire-Mercury combination went on to set a number of long-distance records; one such flight was conducted on 6 October 1938, flying from Dundee, Scotland to Orange River, South Africa, covering Template:Convert in 42 hrs 5 min.<ref name = "norris 12 13">Norris 1966, pp. 12–13.</ref> However, in spite of the demonstrated merits and workability of the concept, the outbreak of the Second World War resulted in the effective termination of all development work. During wartime, there was interest in the concept using alternative land-based aircraft to deliver Hawker Hurricane fighter aircraft for aerial protection over the mid-Atlantic.<ref name = "norris 13"/>
After Italy entered the Second World War in June 1940, it became impossible for mail to be safely flown between Britain and Egypt (and thus onto Australia) via the Mediterranean. Accordingly, a new "Horseshoe Route" was established that ran from Auckland/Sydney via Cairo (following the old "Eastern Route") to Durban, South Africa, and thence by sea to Britain. This was restricted after the loss of Singapore in February 1942 to being between Durban and Calcutta, India.
Wartime experience in operating the type at overload weights resulted in the realisation that the Empires could take off at considerably higher weights than the conservative maxima provided by Shorts and, although the last Empire crossings to America were made in 1940 (by Clare and Clyde), many more flights were made on the long, demanding and vital over-water Lisbon-Bathurst flights.Template:Citation needed
VariantsEdit
42 "C Class" Short Empire flying boats were built, including 31 S.23s, nine S.30s and two S.33s.<ref name="Flying Empires"/>
- S.23 Mk I : powered by four Template:Convert Bristol Pegasus Xc poppet valve radial engines. 27 built.<ref name="Flying Empires"/>
- S.23 Mk II Bermuda : powered by four Template:Convert Bristol Pegasus Xc poppet valve radial engines. 2 built.<ref name="Flying Empires"/>
- S.23 Mk III Atlantic : powered by four Template:Convert Bristol Pegasus Xc poppet valve radial engines. two built.<ref name="Flying Empires"/>
- S.23M : two converted from impressed S.23 Mk I, with an ASV radar, armed with two Boulton Paul gun turrets and depth charges.
- S.30 Mk I : powered by four Template:Convert Bristol Perseus XIIc sleeve valve radial engines. One built.<ref name="Flying Empires"/>
- S.30 Mk I (Cathay) : powered by four Template:Convert Bristol Pegasus Xc poppet valve radial engines. One built.<ref name="Flying Empires"/>
- S.30 Mk II New Zealand : powered by four Template:Convert Bristol Perseus XIIc sleeve valve radial engines. One built.<ref name="Flying Empires"/>
- S.30 Mk III Atlantic : powered by four Template:Convert Bristol Perseus XIIc sleeve valve radial engines. Four built.<ref name="Flying Empires"/>
- S.30 Mk IV New Zealand : powered by four Template:Convert Bristol Perseus XIIc sleeve valve radial engines. Two built.<ref name="Flying Empires"/>
- S.30M : two converted from impressed S.30 Mk III Atlantic for ASV trials and transport duties.
- S.33 : powered by four Template:Convert Bristol Pegasus Xc poppet valve radial engines. Two completed, third example scrapped when 75% complete.<ref name="Flying Empires"/>
Many S.23, S.30 & S.33 were re-engined during the war with Template:Convert Bristol Pegasus XXII poppet valve radial engines.<ref name="Flying Empires"/>
Accidents and incidentsEdit
Most accidents involving the aircraft occurred during landing and were generally attributed to pilot error. For pilots trained on smaller less sophisticated aircraft judgement of height was difficult due to the high cockpit of the Empire, as well as the concept of using flaps to manage speed.<ref name=PegramP183>Pegram, page 183.</ref> With time improved familiarity reduced the accident rate. Once in service the structure was found to be weak in places, especially on the planing bottoms, which led to later models employing thicker gauge skins on the hull and wings.<ref name=PegramP183/>
- 24 March 1937
- G-ADVA Capricornus of Imperial Airways crashed in the Beaujolais mountains in Central France, during the inaugural Southampton to Alexandria scheduled service.<ref name="lesailes010437p10">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- 27 November 1938
- G-AETV Calpurnia of Imperial Airways crashed on landing on Lake Habbaniya, Iraq with the loss of four lives.<ref name=Flight200738>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
- 21 January 1939
- G-ADUU Cavalier of Imperial Airways ditched in the Atlantic Ocean due to carburettor icing affecting all four engines. The aircraft subsequently sank with the loss of three lives. Ten survivors were rescued by the American tanker Template:SS.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
- 14 March 1939
- G-ADVB Corsair (under Capt E.S. Alcock, brother of John Alcock) foundered during a forced landing on the Dungu River. After 10 months' salvage work, and one failed take-off attempt, it was flown off the river on 6 January 1940.Template:Sfn
- 1 May 1939
- G-ADVD Challenger of Imperial Airways crashed on landing in Mozambique Harbour with the loss of two lives.<ref name=Flight240839>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
- February 1941
- G-AFCX Clyde of BOAC was wrecked in a gale at Lisbon, Portugal.<ref name=Aeroplane0415>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
- 29 December 1941
- G-ADUX Cassiopeia of BOAC crashed after striking debris on takeoff from Sabang, Indonesia, killing four.<ref>Template:ASN accident</ref>
- 30 January 1942
- G-AEUH Corio of BOAC was shot down by seven Japanese fighter aircraft and crashed off West Timor, killing 13 of the 18 people on board. The aircraft was owned by BOAC, but was operated by Qantas.
- 28 February 1942
- G-AETZ Circe of Qantas was shot down Template:Convert south of Java by Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy with the loss of all on board.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Circe>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 22 April 1943
- G-AEUB (VH-ADU) crashed off Port Moresby, with 18 survivors.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
List of aircraftEdit
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| Registration | Name | Operator |
|---|---|---|
| S.23 | ||
| G-ADHL | Canopus | Imperial Airways/BOAC |
| G-ADHM | Caledonia | Imperial Airways, later BOAC |
| G-ADUT | Centaurus | Imperial Airways, to Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in 1939 (as serial A18-10) |
| G-ADUU | Cavalier | Imperial Airways. Crashed 21 January 1939 |
| G-ADUV | Cambria | Imperial Airways, later BOAC |
| G-ADUW | Castor | Imperial Airways, later BOAC |
| G-ADUX | Cassiopeia | Imperial Airways, later BOAC |
| G-ADUY | Capella | Imperial Airways |
| G-ADUZ | Cygnus | Imperial Airways |
| G-ADVA | Capricornus | Imperial Airways |
| G-ADVB | Corsair | Imperial Airways, later BOAC |
| G-ADVC | Courtier | Imperial Airways |
| G-ADVD | Challenger | Imperial Airways |
| G-ADVE | Centurion | Imperial Airways |
| G-AETV | Coriolanus | Imperial Airways, later BOAC, to QANTAS in 1942 (as registration VH-ABG) |
| G-AETW | Calpurnia | Imperial Airways. |
| G-AETX | Ceres | Imperial Airways, later BOAC |
| G-AETY | Clio | Imperial Airways, later BOAC, to Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1940 (as AX659). Crashed 22 August 1941 |
| G-AETZ | Circe | Imperial Airways, later BOAC |
| G-AEUA | Calypso | Imperial Airways, to QANTAS in 1939 not used directly, to RAAF (as serial A18-11) |
| G-AEUB | Camilla | Imperial Airways, later BOAC, to QANTAS (as VH-ADU) |
| G-AEUC | Corinna | Imperial Airways, later BOAC |
| G-AEUD | Cordelia | Imperial Airways, later BOAC, to RAF in 1940 (as AX660), returned to BOAC in 1941 (as G-AEUD) |
| G-AEUE | Cameronian | Imperial Airways, later BOAC |
| G-AEUF | Corinthian | Imperial Airways, later BOAC |
| G-AEUG | Coogee | Imperial Airways, to QANTAS in 1938 (as VH-ABC), to RAAF in 1939 (as A18-12) |
| G-AEUH | Corio | Imperial Airways, to QANTAS in 1938 (as VH-ABD), to Imperial Airways in 1939 (as G-AEUH) |
| G-AEUI | Coorong | Imperial Airways, to QANTAS in 1938 (as VH-ABE), to Imperial Airways in 1939 (as G-AEUI) |
| G-AFBJ | Carpentaria | Imperial Airways not used, to QANTAS in 1937 (as VH-ABA), to BOAC in 1942 (as G-AFBJ) |
| G-AFBK | Coolangatta | Imperial Airways not used, to QANTAS in 1937 (as VH-ABB), to RAAF in 1939 (as A18-13) |
| G-AFBL | Cooee | Imperial Airways not used, to QANTAS in 1937 (as VH-ABF) to BOAC in 1942 |
| S.30 | ||
| G-AFCT | Champion | Imperial Airways, later BOAC |
| G-AFCU | Cabot | Imperial Airways, to RAF in 1939 (as V3137). Destroyed 5 May 1940 |
| G-AFCV | Caribou | Imperial Airways, to RAF in 1939 (as V3138). Destroyed 6 May 1940 |
| G-AFCW | Connemara | Imperial Airways |
| G-AFCX | Clyde | Imperial Airways, later BOAC |
| G-AFCY | Captain Cook | Imperial Airways, to TEAL in 1940 (as ZK-AMC Awarua). Sold as obsolete in 1948<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ODT19480609.2.8.3">Template:Cite news</ref> |
| G-AFCZ | Australia then Clare | Imperial Airways, to TEAL in 1940 (as ZK-AMB), later to BOAC |
| G-AFDA | Aotearoa | Imperial Airways, to TEAL in 1940 (as ZK-AMA). Sold as obsolete in 1948<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ODT19480609.2.8.3"/> |
| G-AFKZ | Cathay | Imperial Airways, later BOAC |
| S.33 | ||
| G-AFPZ | Clifton | BOAC April 1940, to RAAF (as A18-14), to QANTAS in 1942 (as VH-ACD). Crashed January 1944. |
| G-AFRA | Cleopatra | BOAC May 1940, 1st Service 5 June 1940 Poole to Durban. Final Service ended 5 November 1946 at Poole. Scrapped 1946. |
OperatorsEdit
Civil operatorsEdit
- REDIRECT Template:GBR
Military operatorsEdit
- REDIRECT Template:GBR
Specifications (Short S.23)Edit
See alsoEdit
Template:External media Template:Aircontent
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Template:Cite book
- BOAC at War – Part 2 – Aeroplane Monthly – August 1975.
- Template:Cite CiteSeerX
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite magazine
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Knott, Richard, 'Flying Boats of the Empire', Robert Hale, 2011.
- Norris, Geoffrey. The Short Empire Boats (Aircraft in Profile Number 84). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite magazine
- Sims, Phillip, Adventurous Empires. Airlife Publishing, 2000. Template:ISBN
- Template:Cite journal
- Template:Cite magazine
External linksEdit
- Short C-Class Empire Boats – British Aircraft of World War II
- Century of Flight entry
- ATLANTIC ROUTINE Flight 1937 – contemporary article on Sikorksy S42 and Empire Caledonia operating across Atlantic
- [1] LIFE photos by Margaret Bourke-White of CAVALIER and its competitor the Bermuda Clipper New York area 1937
- [2] LIFE photos by Margaret Bourke-White of CALEDONIA with a Beech Staggerwing near Central Park New York City July 1937
- [3] LIFE colour photos by Dmitri Kessel of CLARE at the La Guardia Marine Terminal New York City, during a series of mail/courier flights it, and CLYDE, operated to New York via Newfoundland during the Battle of Britain, 1940
- The Short Sunderland Flying Boat Describes the development of the Empire though to Sunderland through flying boats.
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