Short U (Cyrillic)

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Short U (Ў ў; italics: Ў ў) or U with breve is a letter of the Cyrillic script. The only Slavic language using the letter in its orthography is Belarusian, but it is also used as a phonetic symbol in some Russian and Ukrainian dictionaries.<ref>Большой орфоэпический словарь русского языка (2018)</ref> Among the non-Slavic languages using Cyrillic alphabets, ў is used in Dungan, Karakalpak, Karachay-Balkar, Mansi, Sakhalin Nivkh, Ossetian and Siberian Yupik. It is also used in Uzbek – this letter corresponds to Oʻ in the Uzbek Latin alphabet.

HistoryEdit

The letter originates from the letter izhitsa Template:Angle bracket with a breve ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, etc.) used in certain Ukrainian books at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries.Template:Citation needed Later, this character was probably in use in the Romanian Cyrillic script, from where it was borrowed in 1836 by the compilers of Ukrainian poetry book Rusalka Dnistrovaja ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). The book's foreword reads “we have accepted Serbian џ … and Wallachian [Romanian] ў …”.<ref>“...приймилисмо сербскоє џ (виџу {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) и волоскоє ў (аў, {{#invoke:IPA|main}} Erazm. Rotterd., Template:Script, еў, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}: спѣваў, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; душеў, {{#invoke:IPA|main}})...”. Markiyan Shashkevych (1837), Rusalka Dnistrovaya (Mermaid of the Dniester), p V.</ref> In this book, Template:Angle bracket is used mostly for etymological [l] transformed to [w]. Modern Ukrainian spelling uses Template:Angle bracket (v) in that position.

For Belarusian, the combination of the Cyrillic letter U with a breve Template:Angle bracket was proposed by P.A. Bessonov in 1870.<ref>Булыка (Bulyka). У нескладовае // Энцыклапедыя літаратуры і мастацтва Беларусі. Т.4. p.377.</ref> Before that, various ad hoc adaptations of the Latin U were used, for example, italicized in some publications of Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich, with acute accent Template:Angle bracket in Jan Czeczot's Da milykh mužyczkoú (To dear peasants, 1846 edition), W with breve Template:Angle bracket in Epimakh-Shypila, 1889, or just the letter Template:Angle bracket itself (like in publications of Konstanty Kalinowski, 1862–1863). A U with haček Template:Angle bracket was also used.<ref name=Bulyka>Per (Bulyka).</ref>

After 1870, both the distinction for the phoneme and the new shape of the letter still were not consistently used until the mid-1900s for technical problems, per Bulyka. Among the first publications using it were folklore collections published by Michał Federowski and the first edition of Francišak Bahuševič's Dudka Biełaruskaja (Belarusian flute, published in Kraków, 1891).<ref name=Bulyka/> For quite a while other kinds of renderings (plain Template:Angle bracket, or with added accent, haček, or caret) were still being used, sometimes within a single publication (Bahushevich, 1891, Pachobka, 1915), also supposedly because of technical problems.Template:Citation needed

UsageEdit

BelarusianEdit

The letter is called non-syllabic u or short u (Template:Langx<ref name=pravapis>*Bušlakoŭ, Juraś, Vincuk Viačorka, Źmicier Sańko, Źmicier Saŭka. 2005. Klasyčny pravapis. Zbor praviłaŭ: Sučasnaja narmalizacyja [Classical orthography. Set of rules: Contemporary normalization]. (PDF.) Vilnia—Miensk: Audra.</ref> or у кароткае, u karotkaye) in Belarusian because although it resembles the vowel у (u), it does not form syllables.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its equivalent in the Belarusian Latin alphabet is Template:Angle bracket,<ref>Б. Тарашкевіч. Беларуская граматыка для школ. – Вільня : Беларуская друкарня ім. Фр. Скарыны, 1929 ; Мн. : «Народная асвета», 1991 [факсімільн.]. – Выданьне пятае пераробленае і пашыранае.</ref> although it is also sometimes transcribed as Template:Angle bracket.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In native Belarusian words, Template:Angle bracket is used after vowels and represents a {{#invoke:IPA|main}},<ref>E.g., per Беларуская мова: Вучэб. дапам. / Э. Д. Блінава, Н. В. Гаўрош, М. Ц. Кавалёва і інш.; Пад рэд. М. С. Яўневіча. — Мн. : Выш. школа, 1991. Template:ISBN.</ref> as in хлеў, pronounced {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (chleŭ, ‘shed’) or воўк {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (voŭk, ‘wolf’). This is similar to the Template:Angle bracket in English cow {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.

The letter Template:Angle bracket cannot occur before a non-iotated vowel in native words (except compound words such as паўакна, ‘half a window’); when that would be required by grammar, Template:Angle bracket is replaced by Template:Angle bracket {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. Compare хлеў ({{#invoke:IPA|main}} chleŭ, ‘shed’) with за хлявом ({{#invoke:IPA|main}} za chlavóm, ‘behind the shed’). Also, when a word starts with an unstressed Template:Angle bracket {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and follows a word that ends in a vowel, it forms a diphthong through liaison and it is written with Template:Angle bracket instead. For example, у хляве ({{#invoke:IPA|main}} u chlavié, ‘in the shed’) but увайшлі яны ў хлеў ({{#invoke:IPA|main}} uvajšlí janý ŭ chleŭ, ‘they went into the shed’).<ref name=pravapis/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to the current official orthographic rules of 2008,<ref name=pravapis2008>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> proper names conserve the initial Template:Angle bracket in writing, so the capital letter Template:Angle bracket can occur only in all-capitals writing. Previous official orthographic rules (1959) also made exception for loanwords (каля універсітэта, ‘near the university’, now spelled каля ўніверсітэта).<ref name=pravapis1959>Правілы беларускай арфаграфіі і пунктуацыі. Выдавецтва Акадэміі Наук БССР, Мінск, 1959.</ref> The unofficial 2005 standardization of Taraškievica allows the capital Template:Angle bracket in proper names.<ref name=pravapis/> In acronyms/initialisms, the word-initial Template:Angle bracket becomes Template:Angle bracket: ВНУ for вышэйшая навучальная ўстанова ‘higher education institution (university, college, institute)’.<ref name=pravapis/><ref name=pravapis2008/><ref name=pravapis1959/> Also, Template:Angle bracket becomes Template:Angle bracket in name initials in Taraškievica.<ref name=pravapis/>

The letter Template:Angle bracket is also sometimes used to represent the labial-velar approximant {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in foreign loanwords: this usage is allowed by the 2005 standardization of Taraškievica. When it is used thus it can appear before non-iotated vowels, does not require a preceding vowel, and may be capital.<ref name=pravapis/>

In poetry, word-initial Template:Angle bracket and Template:Angle bracket are sometimes used according to the rhythm of a poem. In this case, the capital Template:Angle bracket may also occur.<ref name=pravapis1959/>

UzbekEdit

This letter is the 32nd letter of the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet as it is a letter of its own and not a variant of ⟨у⟩. It corresponds to Oʻ in the current Uzbek alphabet. It is different from the regular O, which is represented by the Cyrillic letter О. Furthermore, it represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which is pronounced as either {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, in contrast to the letter O, which represents {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

KarakalpakEdit

The letter is the 26th letter in the Karakalpak alphabet.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It corresponds to the sound /w/ and the Latin letter W.

In cultureEdit

In September 2003, during the tenth Days of Belarusian Literacy celebrations, the authorities in Polatsk, the oldest Belarusian city, made a monument to honor the unique Cyrillic Belarusian letter Template:Angle bracket. The original idea for the monument came from professor Paval Siemčanka, a scholar of Cyrillic calligraphy and type.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The letter Template:Angle bracket is also the namesake of Ў gallery, an art gallery in Minsk between 2009 and 2020.

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Computing codesEdit

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NotesEdit

External linksEdit

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