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Shrikes (Template:IPAc-en) are passerine birds of the family Laniidae. The family is composed of 34 species in two genera.
The family name, and that of the larger genus, Lanius, is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known as butcherbirds because of the habit, particularly of males, of impaling prey onto plant spines within their territories. These larders have multiple functions, attracting females and serving as food stores.<ref name=job>Template:Cite book</ref>
The common English name shrike is from Old English {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, alluding to the shrike's shriek-like call.<ref name=OED>Template:Cite OED</ref>
TaxonomyEdit
The family Laniidae was introduced (as the subfamily Lanidia) in 1815 by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. The type genus Lanius had been introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As currently constituted, the family contains 34 species in four genera. It includes the genus Eurocephalus with the two white-crowned shrikes.<ref name=ioc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2023 found that the white-crowned shrikes were more closely related to the crows in the family Corvidae than they are to the Laniidae and authors proposed that the genus Eurocephalus should be moved to its own family Eurocephalidae. The cladogram below is based on these results:<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Clade
Distribution, migration, and habitatEdit
Most shrike species have a Eurasian and African distribution, with just two breeding in North America (the loggerhead and northern shrikes). No members of this family occur in South America or Australia, although one species reaches New Guinea. The shrikes vary in the extent of their ranges: some species, such as the great grey shrike, ranging across the Northern Hemisphere, while the São Tomé fiscal (or Newton's fiscal) is restricted to the island of São Tomé.<ref name = "HBW">Template:Cite book</ref>
They inhabit open habitats, especially steppe and savannah. A few species of shrikes are forest dwellers, seldom occurring in open habitats. Some species breed in northern latitudes during the summer, then migrate to warmer climes for the winter.
DescriptionEdit
Shrikes are medium-sized birds with grey, brown, or black-and-white plumage. Most species are between Template:Convert and Template:Convert in size; however, the genus Corvinella, with its extremely elongated tail-feathers, may reach up to Template:Convert in length. Their beaks are hooked, like those of a bird of prey, reflecting their carnivorous nature; their calls are strident.
BehaviourEdit
Male shrikes are known for their habit of catching insects and small vertebrates and impaling them on thorns, branches, the spikes on barbed-wire fences, or any available sharp point. These stores serve as a cache so that the shrike can return to the uneaten portions at a later time.<ref name=EoB>Template:Cite book</ref> The primary function of conspicuously impaling prey on thorny vegetation is however thought to be for males to display their fitness and the quality of the territory held to prospective mates.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The impaling behaviour increases during the onset of the breeding season.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Female shrikes have been known to impale prey, but primarily to assist in dismembering prey.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This behaviour may also serve secondarily as an adaptation to eating the toxic lubber grasshopper, Romalea microptera. The bird waits 1–2 days for the toxins within the grasshopper to degrade before eating it.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Loggerhead shrikes kill vertebrates by using their beaks to grab or pierce the neck and violently shake their prey.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Shrikes are territorial, and these territories are defended from other pairs. In migratory species, a breeding territory is defended in the breeding grounds and a smaller feeding territory is established during migration and in the wintering grounds.<ref name = "HBW"/> Where several species of shrikes exist together, competition for territories can be intense.
Shrikes make regular use of exposed perch sites, where they adopt a conspicuous upright stance. These sites are used to watch for prey and to advertise their presence to rivals.
Shrikes vocally imitate their prey to lure them for capture.<ref name="Atkinson 1997 pp. 203–2062">Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1575, this was noted by the English poet George Turberville.
She will stand at perch upon some tree or poste, and there make an exceedingly lamentable crye ... All to make other fowles to thinke that she is very much distressed ... whereupon the credulous sellie birds do flocke together at her call. If any happen to approach near her, she ... ceazeth on them, and devoureth them (ungrateful subtill fowle).<ref name="Internet Archive 2023 c139">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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BreedingEdit
Shrikes are generally monogamous breeders, although polygyny has been recorded in some species.<ref name = "HBW"/> Co-operative breeding, where younger birds help their parents raise the next generation of young, has been recorded in both species in the genera Eurocephalus and Corvinella, as well as one species of Lanius. Males attract females to their territory with well-stocked caches, which may include inedible but brightly coloured items. During courtship, the male performs a ritualised dance which includes actions that mimic the skewering of prey on thorns, and feeds the female. Shrikes make simple, cup-shaped nests from twigs and grasses, in bushes and the lower branches of trees.<ref name=EoB/>
Species in taxonomic orderEdit
FAMILY: LANIIDAE<ref name=ioc/>
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ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
External linksEdit
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