Silkworm (missile)

Template:Short description Template:Infobox weapon The SY (Template:Zh), and HY (Template:Zh) series were early anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCM) developed by the People's Republic of China from the Soviet P-15 Termit missile. They entered service in the late 1960sTemplate:Sfn and remained the main ASCMs deployed by the People's Liberation Army Navy through the 1980s. The missiles were used by the PRC and export customers to develop land-attack missiles.Template:Sfn

The name Silkworm is popularly used for the entire SY and HY family. As a NATO reporting name, it applies only to the land-based variant of the HY-1.Template:Sfn

DevelopmentEdit

File:HY-2 Missile 20170902.jpg

HY-2 missile

File:HY-3 Missile 20170919.jpg

HY-3 missile

Chinese preparations were underway before receiving the first P-15s and related technical data from the Soviets in 1959. On 8 October 1956, the Fifth Academy was founded - with Qian Xuesen as director - to pursue missile development. In March 1958 a cruise missile test site was selected at Liaoxi in Liaoning.Template:Sfn

In November 1960, the first successful missile test was conducted after the withdrawal of Soviet advisors in September, due to the Sino-Soviet split. The P-15 was copied to become the SY-1. In October 1963, production started at the Nanchang Aircraft Manufacturing Company. In 1965, the first successful test occurred. In August 1967, production was approved. The SY-1 entered service by the end of the decade.Template:Sfn

The SY-1 was developed into the improved HY-1. In December 1968, the HY-1 was successfully tested, and entered service in 1974.Template:Sfn

Operational historyEdit

Iran–Iraq WarEdit

The Silkworm gained fame in the 1980s when it was used by both sides in the Iran–Iraq War. Both countries were supplied by China. In 1987, Iran launched a number of Silkworm missiles from the Faw Peninsula, striking the American-owned, Liberian-flagged tanker Sungari and the U.S.-flagged tanker Sea Isle City in October 1987.<ref>"U.S. Flag Tanker Struck by Missile in Kuwaiti Waters; First Direct Raid". The New York Times. October 17, 1987.</ref> Five other missiles struck areas in Kuwait earlier in the year.<ref>"The Gulf Punch, Counterpunch". Time.</ref>

In October 1987, Kuwait's Sea Island offshore oil terminal was hit by an Iranian Silkworm, which was observed to have originated from the Faw peninsula. The attack prompted Kuwait to deploy a Hawk missile battery on Failaka Island to protect the terminal.<ref>"The Gulf Punch, Counterpunch". Time.</ref> In December 1987, another Iranian Silkworm was fired at the terminal, but it struck a decoy barge instead.<ref>"Iranian Silkworm strikes decoy barge"; Daniel J. Silva. St. Petersburg Times. St. Petersburg, Fla.: December 8, 1987. p. 14.A.</ref>

Prior to these attacks the missile's range was thought to be less than Template:Convert, but these attacks proved that the range exceeded Template:Convert with Kuwaiti military observers seeing that the missiles originated from the area and tracking them on radar along with US satellite imagery of the launch sites.<ref name=ICJ>Counter-memorial and Counter-claim submitted by the United States of America Template:Webarchive. June 23, 1997.</ref>

Persian Gulf WarEdit

On February 25, 1991 during Operation Desert Storm, a shore-based Iraqi launcher fired two Silkworm missiles at the USS Missouri which was in company with the USS Jarrett and HMS Gloucester. A Sea Dart missile from HMS Gloucester shot down one Silkworm and the other missed, crashing into the ocean.<ref name="friendly fire I">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Royal Air Force officers subsequently recovered an HY-2 missile at Umm Qasr in southern Iraq. It is currently displayed at the Royal Air Force Museum Midlands.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Iraq WarEdit

During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Iraq used the Silkworm (HY-2 Seersucker) as a surface to surface missile, by firing at least two of them at the coalition positions in Kuwait.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Blockade of YemenEdit

On 12 October 2016, during the Blockade of Yemen, two Silkworm missiles were fired from the Houthi-controlled port of Al Hudaydah at the destroyer Template:USS operating in the Bab el-Mandeb strait. Both impacted the sea, possibly due to the countermeasures.<ref name="u4023">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="2nd attack">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

VariantsEdit

SY seriesEdit

SY-1: License produced version of the P-15 Termit.Template:Sfn NATO reporting name CSS-N-1 Scrubbrush.Template:Sfn
SY-2Template:Sfn: NATO reporting names CSS-N-5 Sabot. The SY-2 is a significant redesign of the SY-1 missile and is no longer a copy of the P-15. The missile has a longer airframe and is powered by a solid propellant rocket motor, instead of the liquid propellant design from the Styx. The SY-2 otherwise shares launchers and support equipment with the SY-1 (P-15), however, and eventually replaced the old missiles on unmodernized Jianghu class frigates.<ref name="ausairpower_sy2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

SY-2A: An improved SY-2 with a longer range.<ref name="ausairpower_sy2" />
FL-2: The export version of the SY-2.<ref name="ausairpower_sy2" />

HY seriesEdit

HY-1: NATO reporting names CSS-N-2 Safflower (ship-based) and CSSC-2 Silkworm (land-based.)Template:Sfn
HY-2: NATO reporting names CSS-N-3 Seersucker (ship-based) and CSSC-3 Seersucker (land-based.)Template:Sfn
HY-3: Unsuccessful supersonic variant.Template:Sfn
HY-4: Powered by a WP-11 turbojet, a reverse-engineered Teledyne-Ryan J69-T-41A.Template:Sfn Used for LACM development.Template:Sfn NATO reporting name Sadsack.Template:Sfn
HY-41: An improved HY-4.<ref name="ausairpower_hy41">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

C-201: An export version of the HY-2.Template:Sfn
C-301: An export version of the HY-3.Template:Sfn
C-201W: An export version of the HY-4.Template:Sfn
XM-41: An export version of the HY-41.<ref name="ausairpower_hy41" />

Further developmentEdit

YJ-6: Anti-ship missile developed from the HY-2.
YJ-63: Air-launched LACM sharing visual characteristics of the HY-2, HY-4, and YJ-6. 200 km range.Template:Sfn
AG-1: Longer-ranged variant of the HY-2 developed by North Korea.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>