Sisak

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Sisak ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; also known by other alternative names) is a city in central Croatia, spanning the confluence of the Kupa, Sava and Odra rivers, Template:Cvt southeast of the Croatian capital Zagreb, and is usually considered to be where the Posavina (Sava basin) begins, with an elevation of 99 m. The city's total population in 2021 was 40,185 of which 27,886 live in the urban settlement (naselje).<ref name="Census 2021 general">Template:Croatian Census 2021</ref>

Sisak is the administrative centre of the Sisak-Moslavina County, Croatia's biggest river port and a centre of river shipping industry (Dunavski Lloyd). It lies on the D36 state road and the Zagreb-Sisak-Novska railway. Sisak is a regional economic, cultural and historical center. The largest oil refinery in Croatia is here.<ref>[1] Template:Webarchive</ref>

NameEdit

Prior to belonging to the Roman Empire, which gave it the Latin name Siscia, the region was Celtic and Illyrian and the city there was named Segestica<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> or Segesta.<ref name=DGRG>Template:Cite DGRG</ref> Writers in Greek referred to the city as Template:Langx, Template:Langx, and Template:Langx.<ref name=DGRG/>

In German the town is known as Template:Langx, Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and in Kajkavian and Slovene as Template:Langx.

HistoryEdit

Roman empireEdit

File:Maiorina-Vetranio-siscia RIC 281.jpg

Vetranio coin struck at Siscia mint in 350.

Siscia is described by Roman writers as a great town in the south of Upper Pannonia, on the southern bank of the Savus, on an island formed by that river and two others, the Colapis and Odra, a canal dug by Tiberius completing the island.<ref name=DGRG/> It was on the great road from Aemona to Sirmium.<ref>It. Ant. pp. 259, 260, 265, 266, 272, 274; Template:Cite Pliny</ref> According to Pliny the name Segestica belonged only to the island, and the town was called Siscia; while Strabo says that Siscia was a fort in the neighbourhood of Segestica;<ref>Template:Cite Strabo</ref> but if this was so, it must be supposed that subsequently the fort and town became united as one place. Siscia was from the first a strongly fortified town; and after its capture by Tiberius, in the reign of Augustus,<ref>Appian, The Illyrian Wars, 16, 23.</ref> it became one of the most important places of Pannonia; for being on two navigable rivers, it not only carried on considerable commerce,<ref>Template:Cite Strabo</ref> but became the central point from which Augustus and Tiberius carried on their undertakings against the Pannonians and Illyrians. Tiberius did much to enlarge and embellish the town, which as early as that time seems to have been made a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, for Pliny mentions it as such: in the time of Septimius Severus it received fresh colonists, whence in inscriptions it is called Col. Septimia Siscia. The town contained an imperial mint, which produced coins under a series of emperors between 262 and 383 AD.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Christian martyr Quirinus of Sescia, presumed the first bishop of the Diocese of Sescia, was tortured and nearly killed during Diocletian's persecution of Christians. Legend has it that they tied him to a millstone and threw him into a river, but he freed himself from the weight, escaped and continued to preach his faith. Today he is the patron saint of Sisak. When Diocletian split Pannonia into four provinces, Siscia became the capital of Pannonia Savia, the southwestern one, for which Siscia contained the treasury; at the same time it was the station of the small fleet kept on the Savus. Siscia maintained its importance until Sirmium began to rise, for in proportion as Sirmium rose, Siscia sank and declined.<ref name=DGRG/>

Middle AgesEdit

Braslav of Lower Pannonia reigned from Sisak until he was killed in the Hungarian invasion ca. 898.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to Historia Salonitana, Duke Tomislav reclaimed it soon after.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Early modernEdit

File:Sisak, dvůr.jpg

Veliki Kaptol

The 16th-century triangular fortress of the Old Town, well-preserved and turned into the Native Museum, is the main destination of every tourist. The fortress is famous for the victory of the joint forces of Croats, Austrians and Carniolans (Slovenes) over the Ottomans in 1593, known as the Battle of Sisak. It was one of the early significant defeats of the up-to-then invincible Ottoman army on European territory. The Croatian Ban Thomas Erdődy who led the defense in this battle became famous throughout Europe. However this victory didn't prevent Sisak from Ottoman conquest on 24 August 1593. During their brief rule, it was called Siska. Its fortress was manned, a sanjak beg was appointed and a mosque was built in the fortress.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 11 August 1594, Ottoman forces fled and set the fortress on fire after a powerful Habsburg-Croat army approached.<ref name=Mazuran2>Ive Mažuran: Povijest Hrvatske od 15. stoljeća do 18. stoljeća, p. 148</ref>

The Baroque palace of Mali Kaptol, the classicist Veliki Kaptol, the brick Stari most ("Old Bridge") over the Kupa, and the ethnological park are the most frequently visited landmarks.

ModernEdit

In the late 19th and early 20th century, Sisak was a district capital in the Zagreb County of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia.

Modern historyEdit

File:Spomen park Brezovica.JPG

Monument to the 1st Sisak Partisan Detachment

From 1929 to 1939, Sisak was part of the Sava Banovina, and from 1939 to 1941, of the Banovina of Croatia within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During World War II, the Sisak children's concentration camp was set up by the Croatian Axis Ustaše government for Serbian, Jewish and Romani children. It is estimated that 1,160–1,600 children lost their lives at the camp.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

On 22 June 1941, the day Germany invaded the Soviet Union, the Sisak People's Liberation Partisan Detachment, also known as the 1st Sisak Partisan Detachment, was formed by the outlawed Croatian Communist Party in the Brezovica Forest, near Sisak. It was the first Partisan armed anti-fascist resistance unit formed in occupied Yugoslavia following the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers in April 1941.<ref name="pavlicevic-2007">Template:Cite book</ref> It had 79 members, mainly Croats with the exception of one notable Serb woman, Nada Dimić,<ref name="pavlicevic-2007"/> and was commanded by a Croat, Vladimir Janjić-Capo.

With the outbreak of the Croatian War of Independence in 1991, Sisak remained in Government hands while the territory to the south was controlled by rebelling Serbs. During the war, the Serb forces often shelled the city, causing dozens of civilian casualties and extensive damage to the city's industry.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to Amnesty International, Serb civilians in Sisak and surrounding areas were subjected to abductions, killings, assault and threats with at least 33 killed between 1991 and 1992,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while local human rights activists in Croatia claim that over 100 Serb residents of the Sisak region were killed during the entirety of the war.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The frontline dramatically moved eastwards as a result of Operation Storm (1995), effectively ending the war.

Sisak suffered much damage during the 2020 Petrinja earthquake.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The town, located roughly Template:Cvt northeast of the epicenter, reported damage to the hospital as well as city hall and various churches.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Most of the damage was inflicted on old buildings in the center of the town. However, early figures estimate that 700 to 1,000 homes were damaged in Sisak and nearby villages.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

PopulationEdit

In the 2011 census, of the total population of 47,768 there were 40,590 Croats (84.97%), 3,071 Serbs (6.43%), 1,646 Bosniaks (3.45%), 648 Romani (1.36%), 179 Albanians (0.37%), 29 Montenegrins (0.06%), and the rest were other ethnicities.

In the 2011 census, the population by religion was 37,319 Roman Catholics (78.13%; since 2009 again served by their own Diocese of Sisak), 3,279 Orthodox Christians (6.86%), 2,442 Muslims (5.11%) and others.

Template:Croatian population data graph

Municipal makeupEdit

The city's administrative area is composed of the following settlements:<ref name="Census 2021 general" /> Template:Div col

Blinjski Kut, population 278
Budaševo, population 1,660
Bukovsko, population 89
Crnac, population 553
Čigoč, population 97
Donje Komarevo, population 322
Gornje Komarevo, population 508
Greda, population 861
Gušće, population 387
Hrastelnica, population 898
Jazvenik, population 142
Klobučak, population 68
Kratečko, population 200
Letovanci, population 52
Lonja, population 111
Lukavec Posavski, population 127
Madžari, population 235
Mužilovčica, population 74
Novo Pračno, population 444
Novo Selo, population 624
Novo Selo Palanječko, population 517
Odra Sisačka, population 814
Palanjek, population 318
Prelošćica, population 528
Sela, population 969
Sisak, population 33,049
Stara Drenčina, population 223
Staro Pračno, population 896
Staro Selo, population 110
Stupno, population 480
Suvoj, population 42
Topolovac, population 894
Veliko Svinjičko, population 271
Vurot, population 102
Žabno, population 509

Template:Div col end

Administrative divisionEdit

The administrative sections of Sisak are the city neighboorhoods ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and local administrative boards ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}). The city neighborhoods are:<ref name="admin">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

The local administrative boards are:<ref name="admin"/> Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

PoliticsEdit

Minority councils and representativesEdit

Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in the management of local affairs.<ref name="T-Portal">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In the most recent election to the Sisak ethnic minority council, the local Bosniak, Roma, and Serb minorities each fulfilled the legal requirements to elect a total of 15 deputies to the minority council of the City of Sisak; while the local Albanian minority elected a representative.<ref name="SMŽ-Manjine-2023">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

MiscellaneousEdit

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File:Sisak, stará lokomotiva na nádraží.jpg

Steam locomotive in front of the Sisak railway station

Chief occupations are farming, ferrous metallurgy (iron works), chemicals, leather (footwear), textiles and food processing plants (dairy products, alcoholic beverages), building material, crude oil refinery and thermal power.

Sisak features the largest metallurgic factory and the largest oil refinery in Croatia. Sisak has many rich mineral springs (spas) with healing properties in the temperature range from Template:Cvt.

The city hosts University of Zagreb's Faculty of Metallurgy.

SportsEdit

Sports and recreation areas in the town and its surroundings are mainly rivers and alluvial plains. The Kupa, Odra, and Sava rivers, with their headwaters, offer fishing opportunities; there is a public beach on the Kupa. There are hunting grounds in the regions of Turopolje and Posavina. Sisak is the starting point for sightseeing tours into Lonjsko Polje (The Field of the Lonja River) nature park. The local football club is HNK Segesta. Sisak features the oldest ice hockey club in Croatia, KHL Sisak, established in 1934.Template:Citation needed

The local chapter of the Croatian Mountaineering Society (HPS) is HPD "Gvozd", which had 61 members in 1936 under the Viktor Borovečki presidency. At the time, it had a ski section.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Membership fell to 43 in 1937.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>Template:Rp Membership fell to 41 in 1938.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>Template:Rp

GeographyEdit

ClimateEdit

Since records began in 1949, the highest temperature recorded at the local weather station at an elevation of Template:Convert was Template:Convert, on 24 August 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The coldest temperature was Template:Convert, on 12 January 1985.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:Weather box

International relationsEdit

File:Sisak oil refinery1.JPG

Sisak oil refinery

Template:See also

Twin towns – Sister citiesEdit

Sisak is twinned with:

Template:Flagicon Gabrovo, Bulgaria (since 2004)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Flagicon Heidenheim, Germany (since 1988) Template:Flagicon Remchingen, Germany (since 1993)	Template:Flagicon Szombathely, Hungary (since 2003) Template:Flagicon Leszno, Poland (since 2003) Template:Flagicon Jihlava, Czech Republic (since 2004)