GSK plc

Template:Short description Template:Cs1 config Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for clobbered parameters|check|nested=1|template=Infobox company|cat=Template:Main other|name; company_name|logo; company_logo|logo_alt; alt|trade_name; trading_name|former_names; former_name|type; company_type|predecessors; predecessor|successors; successor|foundation; founded|founders; founder|defunct; dissolved|hq_location; location|hq_location_city; location_city|hq_location_country; location_country|num_locations; locations|areas_served; area_served|net_income; profit|net_income_year; profit_year|owners; owner |homepage; website }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox company with unknown parameter "_VALUE_" | ignoreblank=y | alt | area_served | areas_served | assets | assets_year | aum | brands | company_logo | company_name | company_type | defunct | dissolved | divisions | embed | equity | equity_year | fate | footnotes | former_name | former_names | foundation | founded | founder | founders | genre | homepage | hq_location | hq_location_city | hq_location_country | incorporated | image | image_alt | image_caption | image_size | image_upright | income_year | industry | ISIN | key_people | location | location_city | location_country | locations | logo | logo_alt | logo_caption | logo_class | logo_size | logo_upright | members | members_year | module | name | native_name | native_name_lang | net_income | net_income_year | num_employees | num_employees_year | num_locations | num_locations_year | operating_income | owner | owners | parent | predecessor | predecessors | production | production_year | products | profit | profit_year | rating | ratio | revenue | revenue_year | romanized_name | services | subsid | successor | successors | traded_as | trade_name | trading_name | type | website| qid | fetchwikidata | suppressfields | noicon | nocat | demo | categories }}

GSK plc (an acronym from its former name GlaxoSmithKline plc) is a British multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company with headquarters in London.<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It was established in 2000 by a merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham,Template:Refn which was itself a merger of a number of pharmaceutical companies around the Smith, Kline & French firm.

GSK is the tenth largest pharmaceutical company and No. 294 on the 2022 Fortune Global 500, ranked behind other pharmaceutical companies China Resources, Sinopharm, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, Roche, AbbVie, Novartis, Bayer, and Merck Sharp & Dohme.<ref name="Fortune">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The company has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. As of February 2024, it had a market capitalisation of £69 billion, the eighth largest on the London Stock Exchange.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The company developed the first malaria vaccine, RTS,S, which it said in 2014, it would make available for five per cent above cost.<ref name="malariavaccine">Template:Cite newsTemplate:Pb Template:Cite news</ref> Legacy products developed at GSK include several listed in the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, such as amoxicillin, mercaptopurine, pyrimethamine and zidovudine.<ref name="WHO21st" />

In 2012, under prosecution by the United States Department of Justice (DoJ) based on combined investigations of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS-OIG), FDA and FBI, primarily concerning sales and marketing of the drugs Avandia, Paxil and Wellbutrin, GSK pleaded guilty to promotion of drugs for unapproved uses, failure to report safety data and kickbacks to physicians in the United States and agreed to pay a US$3Template:Nbspbillion (£1.9bn) settlement. It was the largest health-care fraud case to date in the US and the largest settlement in the pharmaceutical industry.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>

History

Glaxo Wellcome

File:Glaxo Factory, Bunnythorpe, New Zealand 03.JPG

The Glaxo factory built in 1918, in Bunnythorpe, New Zealand, with the Glaxo Laboratories sign still visible

Glaxo

Joseph Nathan and Co. was founded in 1873, as a general trading company in Wellington, New Zealand, by a Londoner, Joseph Edward Nathan.<ref>R. P. T. Davenport-Hines, Judy Slinn, Glaxo: A History to 1962, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 7–13.</ref> In 1904, it began producing a dried-milk baby food from excess milk produced on dairy farms near Bunnythorpe. The resulting product was first known as Defiance, then as Glaxo (from lacto), and sold with the slogan "Glaxo builds bonnie babies."<ref>David Newton, Trademarked: A History of Well-Known Brands, from Airtex to Wright's Coal Tar, The History Press, 2012, p. 435.</ref><ref name="Ravenscraft2000">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp<ref name="history"/> The Glaxo Laboratories sign is still visible on what is now a car repair shop on the main street of Bunnythorpe. The company's first pharmaceutical product, released in 1924, was vitamin D.<ref name=Ravenscraft2000/>Template:Rp

File:Glaxo feeder bottle with packaging.jpg

Feeder bottle with valve and teat, Glaxo Laboratories, Greenford, Middlesex

Glaxo Laboratories was incorporated as a distinct subsidiary company in London in 1935.<ref>New "Glaxo" Company. The Times, Tuesday, 15 October 1935; pg. 22; Issue 47195</ref> Joseph Nathan's shareholders reorganised the group's structure in 1947, making Glaxo the parent<ref>J. Nathan And "Glaxo" Reorganization. The Times, Wednesday, 8 January 1947; pg. 8; Issue 50653</ref> and obtained a listing on the London Stock Exchange.<ref>Joseph Nathan & Co. The Times, Thursday, 20 February 1947; pg. 8; Issue 50690</ref> Glaxo acquired Allen & Hanburys in 1958. The Scottish pharmacologist David Jack was hired as a researcher for Allen & Hanburys a few years after Glaxo took it over; he went on to lead the company's research and development (R&D) until 1987.<ref name=Ravenscraft2000/>Template:Rp After Glaxo bought Meyer Laboratories in 1978, it began to play an important role in the US market. In 1983, the American arm, Glaxo Inc., moved to Research Triangle Park (US headquarters/research) and Zebulon (US manufacturing) in North Carolina.<ref name="history"/>

Burroughs Wellcome

Burroughs Wellcome & Company was founded in 1880, in London by the American pharmacists Henry Wellcome and Silas Burroughs.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> The Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories opened in 1902. In the 1920s, Burroughs Wellcome established research and manufacturing facilities in Tuckahoe, New York,<ref name="TriCent">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp<ref>"Addition to Factory" Template:Webarchive, The Eastchester Citizen-Bulletin, 19 November 1924</ref><ref>Peter Pennoyer, Anne Walker, The Architecture of Delano & Aldrich, W. W. Norton & Company, 2003, p. 188.</ref> which served as the US headquarters until the company moved to Research Triangle Park in North Carolina in 1971.<ref>"Iconic Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters Open for Rare Public Tour" Template:Webarchive, Triangle Modernist Houses, press release, 8 October 2012.</ref><ref name="Cummings">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Nobel Prize winning scientists Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings worked there and invented drugs still used many years later, such as mercaptopurine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1959, the Wellcome Foundation bought Cooper, McDougall & Robertson Inc to become more active in animal health.<ref name="history">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

When Burroughs Wellcome decided to move its headquarters, the company selected Paul Rudolph to design its new building.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Elion-Hitchings Building "was celebrated worldwide when it was built," according to Paul Rudolph Heritage Foundation president Kelvin Dickinson. Alex Sayf Cummings of Georgia State University wrote in 2016, that the "iconic building helped define the image of RTP," saying, "Love it or hate it, Rudolph's design remains an impressively audacious creative gesture and an important part of the history of both architecture and Research Triangle Park."<ref name="Elion-Hitchings"/> United Therapeutics, which bought the building in 2012, announced plans in 2020, to tear it down.<ref name="Elion-Hitchings">Template:Cite news</ref>

Merger

Glaxo and Wellcome merged in 1995, to form Glaxo Wellcome plc.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=Ravenscraft2000/> The merger was then considered the biggest in the UK corporate history.<ref name=":1" /> Glaxo Wellcome restructured its R&D operation that year, cutting 10,000 jobs worldwide, closing its R&D facility in Beckenham, Kent, and opening a Medicines Research Centre in Stevenage, Hertfordshire.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref> Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Also that year, Glaxo Wellcome acquired the California-based Affymax, a leader in the field of combinatorial chemistry.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

By 1999, Glaxo Wellcome had become the world's third-largest pharmaceutical company by revenues (behind Novartis and Merck), with a global market share of around 4 per cent.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Its products included Imigran (for the treatment of migraine), salbutamol (Ventolin) (for the treatment of asthma), Zovirax (for the treatment of coldsores), and Retrovir and Epivir (for the treatment of AIDS). In 1999, the company was the world's largest manufacturer of drugs for the treatment of asthma and HIV/AIDS.<ref name="indep1899">Template:Cite news</ref> It employed 59,000 people, including 13,400 in the UK, had 76 operating companies and 50 manufacturing facilities worldwide, and seven of its products were among the world's top 50 best-selling pharmaceuticals. The company had R&D facilities in Hertfordshire, Kent, London and Verona (Italy), and manufacturing plants in Scotland and the north of England. It had R&D centres in the US and Japan, and production facilities in the US, Europe and the Far East.<ref name="bbc17100">Template:Cite news</ref>

SmithKline Beecham

Beecham

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:BeechamsBuilding.jpg

Beecham's Clock Tower, constructed 1877, part of the Beecham's factory, St Helens

In 1848, Thomas Beecham launched his Beecham's Pills laxative in England, giving birth to the Beecham Group. In 1859, Beecham opened its first factory in St Helens, Lancashire. By the 1960s, Beecham was extensively involved in pharmaceuticals and consumer products such as Macleans toothpaste, Lucozade and synthetic penicillin research.<ref name="history"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

SmithKline

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} John K. Smith opened his first pharmacy in Philadelphia in 1830. In 1865, Mahlon Kline joined the business, which 10 years later became Smith, Kline & Co. In 1891, it merged with French, Richard and Company, and in 1929, changed its name to Smith Kline & French Laboratories as it focused more on research. Years later it bought Norden Laboratories, a business doing research into animal health, and Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques in Belgium in 1963, to focus on vaccines. The company began to expand globally, buying seven laboratories in Canada and the United States in 1969. In 1982, it bought Allergan, a manufacturer of eye and skincare products.<ref name="history"/>

Smith Kline & French merged with Beckman Inc. in 1982, and changed its name to SmithKline Beckman.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1988, it bought International Clinical Laboratories.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Merger

In 1989, SmithKline Beckman merged with Beecham Group to form SmithKline Beecham P.L.C..<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The headquarters moved from the United States to England. To expand R&D in the United States, the company bought a new research center in 1995; another opened in 1997, in England at New Frontiers Science Park, Harlow.<ref name="history"/>

2000: Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham merger

Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham announced their intention to merge in January 2000. The merger was completed on 27 December that year, forming GlaxoSmithKline (GSK).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The company's global headquarters were at GSK House, Brentford, London, officially opened in 2002, by then-Prime Minister Tony Blair. The building was erected at a cost of £300Template:Nbspmillion and Template:As of was home to 3,000 administrative staff.<ref name=tele15702>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref>

2001–2010

File:Andrew Witty in 2015.jpg

Andrew Witty, GSK's CEO from May 2008, to April 2017

GSK completed the acquisition of New Jersey–based Block Drug in 2001, for Template:US$.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2006, GSK acquired the US-based consumer healthcare company CNS Inc., whose products included Breathe Right nasal strips and FiberChoice dietary supplements, for US$566Template:Nbspmillion in cash.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Chris Gent, previously CEO of Vodafone, was appointed chairman of the board in 2005.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> GSK opened its first R&D centre in China in 2007, in Shanghai, initially focused on neurodegenerative diseases.<ref>Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news</ref> Andrew Witty became the chief executive officer in 2008.<ref>"Corporate Executive Team", GlaxoSmithKline. Retrieved 16 November 2013. Template:Webarchive</ref> Witty joined Glaxo in 1985, and had been president of GSK's Pharmaceuticals Europe since 2003.<ref>"Andrew Witty's journey from Graduate to GSK CEO" Template:Webarchive, GlaxoSmithKline, 12 August 2008; "Andrew Philip Witty", Bloomberg.</ref>

In 2009, GSK acquired Stiefel Laboratories, then the world's largest independent dermatology drug company, for Template:US$.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> In November 2009, the FDA approved GSK's vaccine for 2009 H1N1 influenza protection, manufactured by the company's ID Biomedical Corp in Canada.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Also in November 2009, GSK formed a joint venture with Pfizer to create ViiV Healthcare, which specializes in HIV research.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2010, the company acquired Laboratorios Phoenix, an Argentine pharmaceutical company, for US$253m,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the UK-based sports nutrition company Maxinutrition for £162Template:Nbspmillion (US$256Template:Nbspmillion).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

2011–2022

In 2011, in a US$660-million deal, Prestige Brands Holdings took over 17 GSK brands with sales of US$210Template:Nbspmillion, including BC Powder, Beano, Ecotrin, Fiber Choice, Goody's Powder, Sominex and Tagamet.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2012, the company announced that it would invest £500Template:Nbspmillion in manufacturing facilities in Ulverston, northern England, designating it as the site for a previously announced biotech plant.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In May that year it acquired CellZome, a German biotech company, for US$98Template:Nbspmillion,<ref>European Biotechnology News 16 May 2012. GSK acquires Cellzome 100%: Britain's largest drugmaker GlaxoSmithKline will pay about €75m in cash to acquire Cellzome AG completely Template:Webarchive; John Carroll for FierceBiotech 15 May 2012 GSK snags proteomics platform tech in $98M Cellzome buyout</ref> and in June, worldwide rights to alitretinoin (Toctino), an eczema drug, for US$302Template:Nbspmillion.<ref>John Carroll for FiercePharma. 12 June 2012 GSK continues deal spree with $302M pact for Basilea eczema drug Template:Webarchive; Basilea Pharmaceutica Press Release. 11 June 2012 Basilea enters into global agreement with Stiefel, a GSK company, for Toctino (alitretinoin)</ref> In 2013, GSK acquired Human Genome Sciences (HGS) for US$3Template:Nbspbillion; the companies had collaborated on developing the lupus drug Belimumab (Benlysta), albiglutide for type 2 diabetes, and darapladib for atherosclerosis,<ref name="3Lessons">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in September, sold its beverage division to Suntory. This included the brands Lucozade and Ribena; however, the deal did not include Horlicks.<ref name="Monaghan">Template:Cite news</ref>

In March 2014, GSK paid US$1Template:Nbspbillion to raise its stake in its Indian pharmaceutical unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, to 75 per cent as part of a move to focus on emerging markets.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In April 2014, Novartis and Glaxo agreed on more than US$20Template:Nbspbillion in deals, with Novartis selling its vaccine business to GSK and buying GSK's cancer business.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="wsj4222014">Template:Cite news</ref> In February 2015, GSK announced that it would acquire GlycoVaxyn, a Swiss pharmaceutical company, for US$190Template:Nbspmillion,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and in June that year that it would sell two meningitis drugs to Pfizer, Nimenrix and Mencevax for around US$130Template:Nbspmillion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Philip Hampton, at that time chair of the Royal Bank of Scotland, became GSK chairman in September 2015.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 31 March 2017, Emma Walmsley became CEO. She is the first female CEO of the company.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=successionAWtoEW>Template:Cite news</ref>

In December 2017, Reuters reported that Glaxo had increased its stake in its Saudi Arabian unit to 75% (from 49%) taking over control from its Saudi partner Banaja KSA Holding Company.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

With respect to rare diseases, the company divested its portfolio of gene therapy drugs to Orchard Therapeutics in April 2018.<ref name=":0" /> In November 2018, Reuters reported that Unilever was in prime position to acquire GSK's interest in its Indian unit, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Ltd, in a sale that could generate around US$4Template:Nbspbillion for the company.<ref name="pole">Template:Cite news</ref> Nestlé and Coca-Cola have also been reported to be interested in the business unit as they look to strengthen their presence in India.<ref name=pole/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 3 December 2018, GSK announced that Unilever would acquire the Indian-listed GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare business for US$3.8Template:Nbspbillion (£2.98Template:Nbspbillion). Unilever will pay the majority of the deal in cash, with the remaining being paid in shares in its Indian operation, Hindustan Unilever Limited. Upon completion, GSK will then own around 5.7% of Hindustan Unilever Limited, selling those shares in a number of tranches.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The same day, the company also announced it would acquire oncology specialist, Tesaro, for US$5.1Template:Nbspbillion. The deal will give GSK control of ovarian cancer treatment, Zejula - a member of the class of poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In October 2019, GSK agreed to sell its rabies vaccine, RabAvert, and its tick-borne encephalitis vaccine, Encepur, to Bavarian Nordic for US$1.06Template:Nbspbillion (€955Template:Nbspmillion).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In July 2020, GSK acquired a 10% stake in German biotech company CureVac.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

GSK–Novartis consumer healthcare buy-out

In March 2018, GSK announced that it has reached an agreement with Novartis to acquire Novartis's 36.5% stake in their Consumer Healthcare Joint Venture for US$13Template:Nbspbillion (£9.2Template:Nbspbillion).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>

GSK–Pfizer joint venture

In December 2018, GSK announced that it, along with Pfizer, had reached an agreement to merge and combine their consumer healthcare divisions into a single entity. The combined entity would have sales of around £9.8Template:Nbspbillion ($12.7Template:Nbspbillion), with GSK maintaining a 68% controlling stake in the joint venture. Pfizer would own the remaining 32% shareholding. The deal builds on an earlier 2018 deal where GSK bought out Novartis' stake in the GSK-Novartis consumer healthcare joint business.<ref name="split">Template:Cite news</ref>

Subsequent split

File:GSK logo 2014.svg

Prior logo before 9 June 2022

The culmination of the Consumer Healthcare string of deals will result in GSK splitting into two separate companies, via a demerger and subsequent listing of the joint venture. This will create two publicly traded companies, one focusing on pharmaceuticals and research & development, the other on consumer healthcare. On 22 February 2022, GSK announced that the spin-off consumer healthcare company will be called Haleon.<ref name=split/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In January 2022, the company announced that they had received three unsolicited offers from Unilever to acquire the Consumer Healthcare business unit, with the final proposal valuing the business unit at £50 billion (£41.7 billion in cash, plus £8.3 billion in Unilever shares).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Subsequently, GSK declined all outside offers/attempts to acquire its consumer healthcare business and moved forward with its plan to complete the demerger from the main biopharmaceutical business.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Recent developments

In April 2022, the business announced it would acquire Sierra Oncology Inc for $1.9 billion ($55 per share).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In May 2022, GSK announced it would acquire Affinivax and its phase II 24-valent pneumococcal vaccine candidate for up to $3.3 billion, strengthening its vaccine business.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 16 May 2022, the company changed its name from GlaxoSmithKline to GSK.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In April 2023, GSK announced it would acquire Bellus Health Inc. for $2 billion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In February 2024, the company acquired Aiolos Bio for over $1 billion, adding to its existing asthma business through AIO-001 a long-acting monoclonal antibody that targets the thymic stromal lymphopoietin cytokine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In May 2024, GSK sold off its 4.2% shares in Haleon for $1.58 billion.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In July 2024, GSK moved its headquarters from Brentford to New Oxford Street in central London.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Acquisition-history diagram

• GSK
  • GlaxoSmithKline
    • SmithKline Beecham Plc Template:Small
      • SmithKline Beckman Template:Small
        • SmithKline-RIT Template:Small
          • Smith, Kline & French Template:Small
            • French, Richards and Company Template:Small
            • Smith, Kline and Company
          • Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques Template:Small
        • Beckman Instruments, Inc. Template:Small
          • Specialized Instruments Corp. Template:Small
          • Offner Electronics Template:Small
        • International Clinical Laboratories Template:Small
        • Reckitt & Colman Template:Small
      • Beecham Group Plc Template:Small
        • Beecham Group Ltd
          • S. E. Massengill Company Template:Small
          • C.L. Bencard Template:Small
          • County Chemicals
        • Norcliff Thayer Template:Small
    • Glaxo Wellcome
      • Glaxo Template:Small
        • Joseph Nathan & Co
        • Allen & Hanburys Template:Small
        • Meyer Laboratories Template:Small
        • Affymax Template:Small
      • Wellcome Foundation Template:Small
        • Burroughs Wellcome & Company Template:Small
        • McDougall & Robertson Inc Template:Small
  • Block Drug Template:Small
  • CNS Inc. Template:Small
  • Stiefel Laboratories Template:Small
  • Laboratorios Phoenix Template:Small
  • Maxinutrition Template:Small
  • CellZome Template:Small
  • Human Genome Sciences Template:Small
  • GlycoVaxyn Template:Small
  • Tesaro Template:Small
  • Sitari Pharmaceuticals Template:Small
  • Sierra Oncology Template:Small
  • Affinivax Template:Small
  • Bellus Health Inc. Template:Small
  • Aiolos Bio Template:Small

Research areas and products

Pharmaceuticals

GSK manufactures products for major disease areas such as asthma, cancer, infections, diabetes, and mental health. Medicines historically discovered or developed at GSK and its legacy companies and now sold as generics include amoxicillin<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and amoxicillin-clavulanate,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> ticarcillin-clavulanate,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> mupirocin,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and ceftazidime<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> for bacterial infections, zidovudine for HIV infection, valacyclovir for herpes virus infections, albendazole for parasitic infections, sumatriptan for migraine, lamotrigine for epilepsy, bupropion and paroxetine for major depressive disorder, cimetidine and ranitidine for gastroesophageal reflux disorder, mercaptopurine<ref name="pubs.acs.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and thioguanine<ref name="ScienceHistory">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> for the treatment of leukemia, allopurinol for gout,<ref name="The purine path to chemotherapy">Template:Cite journal</ref> gepotidacin for UTIs,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> pyrimethamine for malaria,<ref name="nytimes.com">Template:Cite news</ref> and the antibacterial trimethoprim.<ref name="ScienceHistory"/>

Among these, albendazole, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, allopurinol, mercaptopurine, mupirocin, pyrimethamine, ranitidine, thioguanine, trimethoprim, and zidovudine are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO21st">Template:Cite book</ref>

Malaria vaccine

In 2014, GSK applied for regulatory approval for the first malaria vaccine.<ref name="malariavaccine" /> Malaria is responsible for over 650,000 deaths annually, mainly in Africa.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Known as RTS,S, the vaccine was developed as a joint project with the PATH vaccines initiative and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The company has committed to making the vaccine available in developing countries for five per cent above the cost of production.<ref name=malariavaccine/>

Template:As of, RTS,S, which uses GSK's proprietary AS01 adjuvant, was being examined in a Phase 3 trial in eight African countries. PATH reported that "[i]n the 12-month period following vaccination, RTS,S conferred approximately 50% protection from clinical Plasmodium falciparum disease in children aged 5-17 months, and approximately 30% protection in children aged 6-12 weeks when administered in conjunction with Expanded Program for Immunization (EPI) vaccines."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 2014, Glaxo said it had spent more than US$350Template:Nbspmillion and expected to spend an additional US$260Template:Nbspmillion before seeking regulatory approval.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Consumer healthcare

GSK's consumer healthcare division, which earned £5.2Template:Nbspbillion in 2013, sells oral healthcare, including Aquafresh, Macleans and Sensodyne toothpastes. GSK also previously owned the Lucozade and Ribena brands of soft drinks, but they were sold in 2013, to Suntory for £1.35bn.<ref name=Monaghan/> Other products include Abreva to treat cold sores; Night Nurse, a cold remedy; Breathe Right nasal strips; and Nicoderm and Nicorette nicotine replacements.<ref name="Maj07">Template:Cite book</ref> In March 2014, it recalled Alli, an over-the-counter weight-loss drug, in the United States and Puerto Rico because of possible tampering, following customer complaints.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 18 July 2022, GSK formally spun off its consumer healthcare business as a separate entity, Haleon.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Facilities

Template:As of, GSK had offices in over 115 countries and employed over 99,000 people, 12,500 in R&D. The company's single largest market is the United States. Its US headquarters are in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Durham, North Carolina; its consumer-products division is in Moon Township, Pennsylvania.<ref name=achievements>"About us: what we do", GlaxoSmithKline, accessed 16 November 2013 Template:Webarchive</ref>

COVID-19 vaccine

Template:Main article In July 2020, the UK government signed up for 60 million doses of a COVID-19 vaccine developed by GSK and Sanofi. It uses a recombinant protein–based technology from Sanofi and GSK's pandemic technology. The companies claimed to be able to produce one billion doses, subject to successful trials and regulatory approval, during the first half of 2021.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The company also agreed to a $2.1 billion deal with the United States to produce 100 million doses of the vaccine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Venture arms

SR One was established in 1985, by SmithKline Beecham to invest in new biotechnology companies and continued operating after GSK was formed; by 2003, GSK had formed another subsidiary, GSK Ventures, to out-license or start new companies around drug candidates that it did not intend to develop further.<ref name=JPE2003>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:As of, SR One tended to invest only if the company aligned with GSK's business.<ref name=JPE2003/>

In September 2019, Avalon Ventures announced that it entered into a definitive agreement with GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) for the acquisition of Sitari Pharmaceuticals by GSK. This includes its transglutaminase 2 (TG2) small molecule program for the treatment of celiac disease.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Recognition, philanthropy and social responsibility

Scientific recognition

Four GlaxoSmithKline scientists have been recognized by the Nobel Committee for their contributions to basic medical science and/or therapeutics development.

• Henry Dale, a former student of Paul Ehrlich, received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work on the chemical transmission of neural impulses. Dale served as a pharmacologist and then as Director of the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories from 1904 to 1914, and later served as Trustee and chairman of the board of the Wellcome Trust.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• John Vane of Wellcome Research Laboratories shared the 1982 Nobel Prize for Medicine for his work on prostaglandin biology and the discovery of prostacyclin. Vane served as group research and development director for The Wellcome Foundation from 1973 to 1985.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• Gertrude B. Elion and George Hitchings, both of the Wellcome Research Laboratories, shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Sir James W. Black, formerly of Smith Kline & French and the Wellcome Foundation, ""for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"." Elion and Hitchings were responsible for the discovery of a plethora of important drugs, including mercaptopurine<ref name="pubs.acs.org"/> and thioguanine<ref name="ScienceHistory"/> for the treatment of leukemia, the immunosuppressant azothioprine,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> allopurinol for gout,<ref name="The purine path to chemotherapy"/> pyrimethamine for malaria,<ref name="nytimes.com"/> the antibacterial trimethoprim,<ref name="ScienceHistory"/> acyclovir for herpes virus infection,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and nelarabine for cancer treatment.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Philanthropy and social responsibility

Since 2010, GlaxoSmithKline has several times ranked first among pharmaceutical companies on the Global Access to Medicines Index, which is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.<ref name="www.accesstomedicineindex.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2014, the Human Rights Campaign, an LGBT-rights advocacy group gave GSK a score of 100 per cent in its Corporate Equality Index.<ref>Human Rights Campaign. Profile: Buyers Guide entry for GlaxoSmithKline Template:Webarchive. Accessed 16 May 2014</ref>

GSK has been active, with the World Health Organization (WHO), in the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GAELF). Around 120Template:Nbspmillion people globally are believed to be infected with lymphatic filariasis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2012, the company endorsed the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases; it agreed to donate 400Template:Nbspmillion albendazole tablets to the WHO each year to fight soil-transmitted helminthiasis and to provide 600Template:Nbspmillion albendazole tablets every year for lymphatic filariasis until the disease is eradicated.<ref name="bill">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Pb {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:As of, over 5Template:Nbspbillion treatments had been delivered, and 18 of 73 countries in which the disease is considered endemic had progressed to the surveillance stage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2009, the company said it would cut drug prices by 25 per cent in 50 of the poorest nations, release intellectual property rights for substances and processes relevant to neglected disease into a patent pool to encourage new drug development, and invest 20 per cent of profits from the least-developed countries in medical infrastructure for those countries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>UNITAID 16 February 2009. UNITAID Statement on GSK Patent Pool For Neglected Diseases Template:Webarchive</ref> Médecins Sans Frontières welcomed the decision, but criticized GSK for failing to include HIV patents in its patent pool and for not including middle-income countries in the initiative.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2013, GSK licensed its HIV portfolio to the Medicines Patent Pool for use in children, and agreed to negotiate a license for dolutegravir, an integrase inhibitor then in clinical development.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2014, this license was extended to include dolutegravir and adults with HIV. The licenses include countries in which 93 per cent of adults and 99 per cent of children with HIV live.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Also in 2013 GSK joined AllTrials, a British campaign to ensure that all clinical trials are registered and the results reported. The company said it would make its past clinical-trial reports available and future ones within a year of the studies' end.<ref>Ben Goldacre, Bad Pharma, Fourth Estate, 2013 [2012], p. 387.</ref>

GSK has largely had an access strategy, providing medicines at a subsidized price to lower and middle income markets including Africa under the former CEO Andrew Witty. In 2017, its new CEO, Emma Walmsley,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> shifted away from this with GSK exiting all Sub-Saharan African markets and there being no plans to provide its newer expensive oncology and genetics pipeline to this population.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Controversies

1973 Antitrust case over griseofulvin

In the 1960s, Glaxo Group Ltd. (Glaxo) and Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) each owned patents covering various aspects of the antifungal drug griseofulvin.<ref name="GSKICI">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Rp<ref name=LaHatte>Template:Cite journal</ref> They created a patent pool by cross-licensing their patents, subject to express licensing restrictions that the chemical from which the "finished" form of the drug (tablets and capsules) was made must not be resold in bulk form, and they licensed other drug companies to sell the drug in finished form and subject to similar restrictions.<ref name=GSKICI/>Template:Rp<ref name=LaHatte /> The effect and intent of the bulk-sale restriction was to keep the drug chemical out of the hands of small companies that might act as price-cutters, and the effect was to maintain stable, uniform prices.<ref name=Leslie>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd. Template:Webarchive at 62-63.</ref><ref name=Jacobson>Template:Cite book</ref>

The United States brought an antitrust suit against the two companies—United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.—charging them with violation of the Sherman Act and also seeking to have the patents declared invalid.<ref name=GSKICI/>Template:Rp<ref name=LaHatte /> The trial court found that the defendants had engaged in several unlawful conspiracies, but dismissed the part of the suit seeking invalidation of patents and refused to grant as relief mandatory sales of the bulk drug chemical and compulsory licensing of the patents.<ref name=GSKICI/>Template:Rp<ref name=LaHatte /> The government appealed to the Supreme Court, which reversed, in United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd., 410 U.S. 52 (1973).<ref name=LaHatte />

2000s Ribena

Template:Multiple image There were concerns in the 2000s about the sugar and vitamin content of Ribena, a blackcurrant-based syrup and soft drink owned by GSK until 2013. Produced in England by H.W. Carter & Co from the 1930s, the company's unbranded syrup was distributed to children as a source of vitamin C during World War II, which gave the drink a reputation as good for health. Beecham bought H. W. Carter in 1955.<ref>Oliver Thring, "Consider squash and cordial" Template:Webarchive, The Guardian, 7 September 2010.Template:Pb "We have Frank and Vernon to thank for Ribena" Template:Webarchive, The Bristol Post, 17 September 2013.</ref>

In 2001, the British Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) required GSK to withdraw its claim that Ribena Toothkind, a lower-sugar variety, did not encourage tooth decay. A company poster showed bottles of Toothkind in place of the bristles on a toothbrush. The ASA's ruling was upheld by the High Court.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2007, GSK was fined US$217,000 in New Zealand over its claim that ready-to-drink Ribena contained high levels of vitamin C, after two schoolgirls showed it contained no detectable vitamin C.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Pb Tony Jaques, "When an Icon Stumbles – The Ribena Issue Mismanaged" Template:Webarchive, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 13(4), 2008, pp. 394–406.Template:Pb Michael Regester, Judy Larkin, Risk Issues and Crisis Management in Public Relations, Kogan Page Publishers, 2008, p. 67ff.</ref> In 2013, GSK sold Ribena and another drink, Lucozade, to the Japanese multinational Suntory for £1.35Template:Nbspbillion.<ref name="Monaghan"/>

SB Pharmco Puerto Rico

In 2010, the US Department of Justice announced that GSK would pay a US$150Template:Nbspmillion criminal fine and forfeiture, and a civil settlement of US$600Template:Nbspmillion under the False Claims Act. The fines stemmed from production of improperly made and adulterated drugs from 2001 to 2005, at GSK's subsidiary, SB Pharmco Puerto Rico Inc., in Cidra, Puerto Rico, which at the time produced US$5.5 billion of products each year. The drugs involved were Kytril, an antiemetic; Bactroban, used to treat skin infections; Paxil, the anti-depressant; and Avandamet, a diabetes drug.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> GSK closed the factory in 2009.<ref name="NYTPuerto">Template:Cite news</ref>

The case began in 2002, when GSK sent experts to fix problems cited by the FDA. The lead inspector recommended recalls of defective products, but they were not authorised; she was fired in 2003, and filed a whistleblower lawsuit. In 2005, federal marshals seized US$2Template:Nbspbillion worth of products, the largest such seizure in history. In the 2010 settlement SB Pharmco pleaded guilty to criminal charges, and agreed to pay US$150 million in a criminal fine and forfeiture, at that time the largest such payment ever by a manufacturer of adulterated drugs, and US$600 million in civil penalties to settle the civil lawsuit.<ref name=NYTPuerto/>

2010 Pandemrix connected with narcolepsy

The Pandemrix influenza vaccine was developed by GlaxoSmithKline in 2006. It was used by Finland and Sweden in the H1N1 mass vaccination of the population against the 2009 swine flu pandemic. In August 2010, The Swedish Medical Products Agency (MPA) and The Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) launched investigations regarding the development of narcolepsy as a possible side effect to Pandemrix flu vaccination in children,<ref name="lakemedelsverket.se">Template:Cite news</ref> and found a 6.6-fold increased risk among children and youths, resulting in 3.6 additional cases of narcolepsy per 100,000 vaccinated subjects.<ref>Report from an epidemiological study in Sweden on vaccination with Pandemrix and narcolepsy Template:Webarchive, Swedish medical product agency, 30 June 2011.</ref>

In February 2011, The Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) concluded that there is a clear connection between the Pandemrix vaccination campaign of 2009 and 2010, and the narcolepsy epidemic in Finland. A total of 152 cases of narcolepsy were found in Finland during 2009–2010, and ninety per cent of them had received the Pandemrix vaccination.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sweden however observed very few influenza cases totally in 2009 and especially 2010 as compared to most other years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}, diagnoskod J09, J10 och J11</ref> In 2015, it was reported that the British Department of Health was paying for Sodium oxybate medication for 80 patients who are taking legal action over problems linked to the use of the swine flu vaccine, at a cost to the government of £12,000 per patient per year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

2012 criminal and civil settlement

Overview

In July 2012, GSK pleaded guilty in the United States to criminal charges, and agreed to pay US$3Template:Nbspbillion, in what was the largest settlement until then between the Justice Department and a drug company. The US$3Template:Nbspbillion included a criminal fine of US$956,814,400 and forfeiture of US$43,185,600. The remaining US$2Template:Nbspbillion covered a civil settlement with the government under the False Claims Act. The investigation was launched largely on the basis of information from four whistleblowers who filed qui tam (whistleblower) lawsuits against the company under the False Claims Act.<ref name="USDOJJuly2012">"GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty and Pay $3 Billion to Resolve Fraud Allegations and Failure to Report Safety Data" Template:Webarchive, United States Department of Justice, 2 July 2012.Template:Pb Katie Thomas and Michael S. Schmidt, "Glaxo Agrees to Pay $3 Billion in Fraud Settlement" Template:Webarchive, The New York Times, 2 July 2012.Template:Pb Simon Neville, "GlaxoSmithKline fined $3bn after bribing doctors to increase drugs sales", The Guardian, 3 July 2012.</ref>

The charges stemmed from GSK's promotion of the anti-depressants Paxil (paroxetine) and Wellbutrin (bupropion) for unapproved uses from 1998 to 2003, specifically as suitable for patients under the age of 18, and from its failure to report safety data about Avandia (rosiglitazone), both in violation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Other drugs promoted for unapproved uses were two inhalers, Advair (fluticasone/salmeterol) and Flovent (fluticasone propionate), as well as Zofran (ondansetron), Imitrex (sumatriptan), Lotronex (alosetron) and Valtrex (valaciclovir).<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>

The settlement also covered reporting false best prices and underpaying rebates owed under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, and kickbacks to physicians to prescribe GSK's drugs. There were all-expenses-paid spa treatments and hunting trips for doctors and their spouses, speakers' fees at conferences, and payment for articles ghostwritten by the company and placed by physicians in medical journals.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/> The company set up a ghostwriting programme called CASPPER, initially to produce articles about Paxil but which was extended to cover Avandia.<ref>Max Baucus, Chuck Grassley, "Finance Committee Letter to the FDA Regarding Avandia" Template:Webarchive, United States Senate Finance Committee, 12 July 2010.
Jim Edwards, "Inside GSK's CASSPER Ghostwriting Program", CBS News, 21 August 2009.</ref>

As part of the settlement GSK signed a five-year corporate integrity agreement with the Department of Health and Human Services, which obliged the company to make major changes in the way it did business, including changing its compensation programmes for its sales force and executives, and to implement and maintain transparency in its research practices and publication policies.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/> It announced in 2013, that it would no longer pay doctors to promote its drugs or attend medical conferences, and that its sales staff would no longer have prescription targets.<ref name=Reuters17Dec2013>"GSK to stop paying doctors in major marketing overhaul" Template:Webarchive, Thomson/Reuters, 17 December 2013.</ref>

Rosiglitazone (Avandia)

File:Avandia 2mg oral tablet.jpg

Rosiglitazone

The 2012 settlement included a criminal fine of US$242,612,800 for failing to report safety data to the FDA about Avandia (rosiglitazone), a diabetes drug approved in 1999, and a civil settlement of US$657Template:Nbspmillion for making false claims about it. The Justice Department said GSK had promoted rosiglitazone to physicians with misleading information, including that it conferred cardiovascular benefits despite an FDA-mandated label warning of cardiovascular risks.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>

In 1999, John Buse, a diabetes specialist, told medical conferences that rosiglitazone might carry an increased risk of cardiovascular problems. GSK threatened to sue him, called his university head of department, and persuaded him to sign a retraction.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> GSK raised questions internally about the drug's safety in 2000, and in 2002, the company ghostwrote an article in Circulation describing a GSK funded clinical trial that suggested rosiglitazone might have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk.<ref>Max Baucus, Chuck Grassley, "Finance Committee Letter to the FDA Regarding Avandia" Template:Webarchive, United States Senate Finance Committee, 12 July 2010; for internal concerns, p. 2 and attachment E, pp. 20–35; for ghostwriting, p. 3 and attachment H, pp. 58–109; for the ghostwriting, attachment I, p. 110ff; for cover letter to Circulation, attachment I, p. 143; for the ghostwritten article, attachment I, pp. 152–158.Template:Pb Template:Cite journal</ref> From 2001, reports began to link the thiazolidinediones (the class of drugs to which rosiglitazone belongs) to heart failure.<ref name="pmid20154334"/> In April that year, GSK began a six-year, open-label, randomized trial, known as RECORD, to examine rosiglitazone and cardiovascular events.<ref name="RECORDLancet">Template:Cite journalTemplate:Pb Template:Cite journalTemplate:Pb Template:Cite journal</ref> Two GSK meta-analyses in 2005, and 2006, showed an increased risk of cardiovascular problems with rosiglitazone; the information was passed to the FDA and posted on the company website, but not otherwise published. By December 2006, rosiglitazone had become the top-selling diabetes drug, with annual sales of US$3.3Template:Nbspbillion.<ref name="pmid20154334">Template:Cite journal see table 1 for timeline.</ref>

In June 2007, The New England Journal of Medicine published a meta-analysis that associated the drug with an increased risk of heart attack.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> GSK had reportedly tried to persuade one of the authors, Steven Nissen, not to publish it, after receiving an advance copy from one of the journal's peer reviewers, a GSK consultant.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In July 2007, FDA scientists suggested that rosiglitazone had caused 83,000 excess heart attacks between 1999 and 2007.<ref name=Senatereport/>Template:Rp<ref name=Graham>David Graham, "Assessment of the cardiovascular risks and health benefits of rosiglitazone" Template:Webarchive, Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Food and Drug Administration, 30 July 2007.</ref> The FDA placed restrictions on the drug, including adding a boxed warning, but did not withdraw it.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (In 2013, the FDA rejected that the drug had caused excess heart attacks.)<ref name=FDAheart/> A Senate Finance Committee inquiry concluded in 2010, that GSK had sought to intimidate scientists who had concerns about rosiglitazone.<ref name="Senatereport">"Staff report on GlaxoSmithKline and the diabetes drug Avandia" Template:Webarchive, Committee on Finance, United States Senate, January 2010.Template:Pb "Grassley, Baucus Release Committee Report on Avandia" Template:Webarchive, The United States Senate Committee on Finance, 20 February 2010.Template:Pb Andrew Clark, "Glaxo's handling of Avandia concerns damned by US Senate committee", The Guardian, 22 February 2010.</ref> In February that year the company tried to halt publication of an editorial about the controversy by Nissen in the European Heart Journal.<ref>Template:Cite journalTemplate:Pb Template:Cite journalTemplate:Pb Template:Cite journalTemplate:Pb Template:Cite journal</ref>

The results of GSK's RECORD trial were published in June 2009. It confirmed an association between rosiglitazone and an increased risk of heart failure and fractures, but not of heart attack, and concluded that it "does not increase the risk of overall cardiovascular morbidity or mortality compared with standard glucose-lowering drugs."<ref name=RECORDLancet/> Steven Nissan and Kathy Wolkski argued that the study's low event rates reduced its statistical power.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In September 2009, rosiglitazone was suspended in Europe.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The results of the RECORD study were confirmed in 2013, by the Duke Clinical Research Institute, in an independent review required by the FDA.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In November that year the FDA lifted the restrictions it had placed on the drug.<ref>"FDA requires removal of certain restrictions on the diabetes drug Avandia" Template:Webarchive, Food and Drug Administration, 25 November 2013.Template:Pb "Readjudication of the Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiovascular Outcomes and Regulation of Glycemia in Diabetes Trial (RECORD)" Template:Webarchive, Joint Meeting of the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee and the Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee, Food and Drug Administration, 5–6 June 2013.Template:Pb Steven Nissen, "Steven Nissen: The Hidden Agenda Behind The FDA's New Avandia Hearings" Template:Webarchive, Forbes, 23 May 2013.Template:Pb "The FDA Responds To Steve Nissen's Criticism Of Upcoming Avandia Meeting", Forbes, 23 May 2013.</ref> The boxed warning about heart attack was removed; the warning about heart failure remained in place.<ref name=FDAheart>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
Avandia. Prescribing information" Template:Webarchive, Food and Drug Administration.</ref>

Paroxetine (Paxil/Seroxat)

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Paroxetine pill.jpg

Paroxetine, known as Paxil and Seroxat

GSK was fined for promoting Paxil/Seroxat (paroxetine) for treating depression in the under-18s, although the drug had not been approved for pediatric use.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/> Paxil had US$4.97Template:Nbspbillion worldwide sales in 2003.<ref name=CMAJ2004/> The company conducted nine clinical trials between 1994, and 2002, none of which showed that Paxil helped children with depression.<ref>Goldacre 2013, p. 58.</ref> From 1998, to 2003, it promoted the drug for the under-18s, paying physicians to go on all-expenses paid trips, five-star hotels and spas.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/> From 2004, Paxil's label, along with those of similar drugs, included an FDA-mandated boxed warning that it might increase the risk of suicidal ideation and behaviour in patients under 18.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>

An internal SmithKline Beecham document said in 1998, about withheld data from two GSK studies: "It would be commercially unacceptable to include a statement that [pediatric] efficacy had not been demonstrated, as this would undermine the profile of paroxetine."<ref name=CMAJ2004>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The company ghostwrote an article, published in 2001, in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, that misreported the results of one of its clinical trials, Study 329.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/><ref>Letter showing authorship of Study 239 Template:Webarchive, Drug Industry Document Archive, University of California, San Francisco.Template:Pb Isabel Heck, "Controversial Paxil paper still under fire 13 years later" Template:Webarchive, The Brown Daily Herald, 2 April 2014.Template:Pb Template:Cite journalTemplate:Pb "Company hid suicide link" Template:Webarchive, BBC News, 29 January 2007; "Secrets of the Drug Trials," BBC Panorama, 29 January 2007; Goldacre 2013, pp. 296–297.</ref> The article concluded that Paxil was "generally well tolerated and effective for major depression in adolescents."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The suppression of the research findings is the subject of the 2008 book Side Effects by Alison Bass.<ref>Alison Bass (2008). Side Effects: A Prosecutor, a Whistleblower, and a Bestselling Antidepressant on Trial. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

For 10 years GSK marketed Paxil as non-habit forming. In 2001, 35 patients filed a class-action suit alleging they had had withdrawal symptoms, and in 2002, a Los Angeles court issued an injunction preventing GSK from advertising that the drug was not habit forming.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The court withdrew the injunction after the FDA objected that the court had no jurisdiction over drug marketing that the FDA had approved.<ref>Drug and Device Law. 14 December 2006 The FDA's Amicus Briefs on Preemption Template:WebarchiveTemplate:Pb Ronald D. White for the Los Angeles Times. 21 August 2002 U.S. Opposes Order to Pull Paxil TV Ads</ref> In 2003, a World Health Organization committee reported that Paxil was among the top 30 drugs, and top three antidepressants, for which dependence had been reported.<ref name=WHOdependence>"WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence", Thirty-third Report, World Health Organization, 2003, pp. 20, 25.</ref>Template:Refn

Bupropion (Wellbutrin)

The company was also fined for promoting Wellbutrin (bupropion) – approved at the time for major depressive disorder and also sold as a smoking-cessation aid, Zyban – for weight loss and the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, sexual dysfunction and substance addiction. GSK paid doctors to promote these off-label uses, and set up supposedly independent advisory boards and Continuing Medical Education programmes.<ref name=USDOJJuly2012/>

Bribery in China

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} In 2013, Chinese authorities announced that, since 2007, GSK had funnelled HK$3.8Template:Nbspbillion in kickbacks to GSK managers, doctors, hospitals and others who prescribed their drugs, using over 700 travel agencies and consulting firms.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}
Template:Cite news</ref> Chinese authorities arrested four GSK executives as part of a four-month investigation into claims that doctors were bribed with cash and sexual favours.<ref>Rupert Neate and Angela Monaghan, "GlaxoSmithKline admits some staff in China involved in bribery" Template:Webarchive, The Guardian, 22 July 2013.Template:Pb Rupert Neate, "GSK's China crisis: chief executive Andrew Witty speaks - as it happened" Template:Webarchive, The Guardian, 24 July 2013.Template:Pb Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> In 2014, a Chinese court found the company guilty of bribery and imposed a fine of US$490Template:Nbspmillion. Mark Reilly, the British head of GSK's Chinese operations, received a three-year suspended prison sentence after a one-day trial held in secret.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Reilly was reportedly deported from China and dismissed by the company.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Market manipulation in the UK

In February 2016, the company was fined over £37Template:Nbspmillion in the UK by the Competition and Markets Authority for paying Generics UK, Alpharma and Norton Healthcare more than £50m between 2001, and 2004, to keep generic varieties of paroxetine out of the UK market. The generics companies were fined a further £8Template:Nbspmillion. At the end of 2003, when generics became available in the UK, the price of paroxetine dropped by 70 per cent.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref>

Miscellaneous

Italian police sought bribery charges in May 2004, against 4,400 doctors and 273 GSK employees. GSK and its predecessor were accused of having spent £152m on physicians, pharmacists and others, giving them cameras, computers, holidays and cash. Doctors were alleged to have received cash based on the number of patients they treated with a cancer drug, topotecan (Hycamtin).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The following month prosecutors in Munich accused 70–100 doctors of having accepted bribes from SmithKline Beecham between 1997 and 1999. The inquiry was opened over allegations that the company had given over 4,000 hospital doctors money and free trips.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> All charges were dismissed by the Verona court in January 2009.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 2006, in the United States GSK settled the largest tax dispute in IRS history, agreeing to pay US$3.1 billion. At issue were Zantac and other products sold in 1989 to 2005. The case revolved around intracompany transfer pricing—determining the share of profit attributable to the US subsidiaries of GSK and subject to tax by the IRS.<ref>"GlaxoSmithKline to Settle Tax Dispute With U.S." Template:Webarchive, Reuters, 12 September 2006</ref><ref>"IRS Accepts Settlement Offer in Largest Transfer Pricing Dispute" Template:Webarchive, IRS, 11 September 2006.</ref>

The UK's Serious Fraud Office (SFO) opened a criminal inquiry in 2014 into GSK's sales practices, using powers granted by the Bribery Act 2010.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The SFO said it was collaborating with Chinese authorities to investigate bringing charges in the UK related to GSK's activities in China, Europe and the Middle East.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Also Template:As of, the US Department of Justice was investigating GSK with reference to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In October 2020, GSK told some staff that while at work they should disable the contact tracing function of the NHS test-and-trace app which monitors the spread of COVID-19. GSK explained the reason for this was due to social distancing measures in place at their sites rendering the technology unnecessary.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In November 2023, GSK filed a lawsuit against Moderna Inc. in U.S. federal court in Delaware, accusing the company of violating GSK's patents related to messenger RNA (mRNA) technology. The lawsuit claims that Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine Spikevax and RSV vaccine mResvia infringe on several of GSK's patents, particularly those related to lipid nanoparticles used for delivering mRNA into the human body.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This legal action follows a similar lawsuit GSK filed against Pfizer and BioNTech earlier in 2024, also over patent infringement concerning their mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine. The current litigation seeks unspecified monetary damages from Moderna.<ref name=":2" />

Operation in Russia

Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) was criticized for continuing its operations in Russia, despite the ongoing conflict and international sanctions. Although GSK suspended clinical trials, advertising, and promotion in Russia, the company has maintained its supply of essential medicines, vaccines, and medical equipment, with proceeds reportedly directed towards humanitarian aid. Critics argue that GSK's decision to continue exporting products—resulting in increased sales and profit volumes in 2022 compared to 2021—undermines the intended impact of sanctions, raising ethical concerns.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

• List of toothpaste brands
• Galvani Bioelectronics
• Index of oral health and dental articles
• Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques (R.I.T.)

External links

• Template:Official website
• Template:Finance links
• Template:OpenCorp