Symphoricarpos

Symphoricarpos is a small genus of about 15 species of deciduous shrubs in the family Caprifoliaceae. With the exception of the Chinese coralberry, S. sinensis, which is indigenous to western China, all species are native to North and Central America. The name of the genus is derived from the Ancient Greek words {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Grc-tr), meaning "to bear together", and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Grc-tr), meaning "fruit". It refers to the closely packed clusters of berries the species produces.<ref name="NYBG">Template:Cite book</ref> Species in the genus are known by several common names, including snowberry, waxberry and ghostberry.

Snowberry is a resilient plant able to withstand a variety of conditions. Their deep roots allow them to survive dry seasons,  and they have been known to grow in a variety of soil types such as light sandy soil, medium loamy soil and heavier clay soil.<ref name=":0" /> Snowberry plants are most commonly found low-to mid elevations, in forests, dry or moist openings, rocky hillsides or near riverbanks and streams.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Snowberry plants are also able to grow in a wide range of acidic and basic pHs and sunlight conditions.<ref name=":0" />

Description

Symphoricarpos leaves are Template:Convert long, rounded, entire or with one or two lobes at the base.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The flowers are small, greenish-white to pink, in small clusters of 5–15 together in most species, solitary or in pairs in some (e.g. S. microphyllus). The fruit is conspicuous, Template:Convert in diameter, soft, varying from white (e.g. S. albus) to pink (S. microphyllus) to red (S. orbiculatus) and in one species (S. sinensis), blackish purple. When the white berries are broken open, the interior looks like fine, sparkling granular snow. The flesh is spongy and contains two 2–5 mm long, whitish stone seeds. The seeds, which contain endosperm and a small embryo, are egg-shaped and more or less flattened. They have a very tough, hard, impermeable covering, and so are very hard to germinate and may lie dormant for up to ten years.

The berries are not edible but have a wintergreen flavor, similar to the related wintergreen plant (Gaultheria procumbens).

The white berries create a cracking sound when they are stepped into firm ground.

Species

Species accepted as of August 2015<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Columns-list

Ecology

Snowberry is a hermaphroditic species meaning it contains both male and female reproductive organs.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It has the ability to grow via seeds but typically reproduces by releasing shoots from a rhizome. This method of shoot dispersal allows snowberry to grow in dense populations of bushes and trees.<ref name=":1" /> Snowberry plants also tend to use a reproductive method called layering in which the plant's vertical stems will wilt and droop until they touch surrounding soil.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref> Upon making contact with soil, roots will begin to form. Snowberry plants are resilient and studies have proved they are able to tolerate dormant seasonal fires. These fires actually encourage the snowberry plant's layering reproductive method, as the regeneration of new plants results in an increased number of stems and therefore more opportunities for layering to occur.<ref name=":2" />

Common snowberry (S. albus) is a resilient plant that thrives in dry woodland conditions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its berries ripen during fall and last through winter, making it an important winter food source for quail and grouse. However, the berries are considered poisonous to humans. The berries contain the isoquinoline alkaloid chelidonine, as well as other alkaloids. Ingesting the berries causes mild symptoms of vomiting, dizziness, and slight sedation in children.

Cultivation

Common snowberry is a popular ornamental shrub in gardens, grown for its decorative white fruit and wildlife gardening. It is also a useful landscaping plant due to its extreme versatility—tolerating sun, shade, heat, cold, drought, and inundation.

• Symphoricarpos albus 3049.JPG

  Symphoricarpos albus flowers

• Coralberry.jpg

  Symphoricarpos orbiculatus fruits, mid-October

• Coral berries in prairie.JPG

  Symphoricarpos orbiculatus fruits in autumn

• Coralberries.JPG

  Symphoricarpos orbiculatus fruits in winter

• Lonicera symphoricarpos Ypey55.jpg

  Symphoricarpos vulgaris, drawn by Eersde Deel, 1813

• Symphoricarpos albus.png

  Symphoricarpos albus fruits in northern California, mid-September

Medicinal uses

Due to their low saponin content, snowberry was a common medicinal treatment used by several North American Indigenous tribes. Snowberry contains low concentrations of saponins, which are anti-carcinogenic and anti-inflammatory.<ref name=":3">Template:Citation</ref> Saponins have also been proven to help with immune function and decrease cholesterol.<ref name=":3" /> Saponins can be extremely toxic if consumed in excess,<ref name=":3" /> but are typically applied externally or consumed in concentrations too low to inflict damage.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref> Its toxic effects can also be reduced through cooking.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The snowberry plant is known to be disinfectant, laxative, diuretic and has the ability to reduce fever.<ref name=":4" /> Native Americans found several uses for the snowberry plant. Snowberry leaves were chewed up and used in a poultice to treat external wounds.<ref name=":4" /> Its berries were used for a number of applications including as an eyewash, as an antiperspirant, a diarrhea remedy, and was also rubbed on the skin as a treatment for burns, rashes, warts, sores, cuts and other external wounds.<ref name=":4" /> Snowberry stems were boiled and their essence was extracted to be used for stomach problems, menstrual pain, and as a soap. Weaker dilutions were used for children, meanwhile stronger concentrations were used as a disinfectant to clean open sores.<ref name=":4" /> Snowberry bark was also boiled, its essence extracted and used to treat sexually transmitted diseases and urinary dysfunction issues. Its roots were commonly used in the treatment of fever, stomach ache, common cold, and even tuberculosis.<ref name=":4" /> In California, the Coastal Miwok used pounded snowberry root to treat ailments as the cold.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Due to the content of saponins in the berries, some tribes of the Pacific Northwest used the crushed fruits to stun fish in lakes and rivers in order to facilitate the harvesting of fish. The saponins, which are not toxic to humans interfere with oxygen absorption in the gills.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Other uses

In Ireland, children use the berries for play, bursting the berries close to each other's ears. The berries are known as "billy busters".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

External links

• Template:Commons category-inline
• Template:Wikispecies-inline
• Winter ID pictures
• Canadian Poisonous Plants Information System Notes on poisoning: thin-leaved snowberry
• Symphoricarpos orbiculatus images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu