Somersault

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File:Saltovor1b.gif

Front tucked somersault animation

A somersault (also flip, heli, and in gymnastics salto) is an acrobatic exercise in which a person's body rotates 360° around a horizontal axis with the feet passing over the head.<ref name=USAGlos>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A somersault can be performed backwards, forwards or sideways and can be executed in the air or on the ground. When performed on the ground, it is typically called a roll.

Etymology

The word 'somersault' is derived from Old Provençal sobresaut (via Middle French sombresault) meaning "jump over", from sobre, "over" (from Latin supra-, as in supranational); and saut, "jump" (from Latin saltus, the same root as salient).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Types

File:Pikefront.JPG

Front somersault in the pike position

File:Lauren Mitchell, 41st AG World Championship, 2009 (full tone blur).jpg

Back somersault on one foot

Body positions

Somersaults may be performed with different positions, including tucked, piked (bent at the hips), straddled, and layout (straight body).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Somersaults are often completed with twists.<ref name=scientific/>

Direction

The sport of tumbling does not require participants to combine both front and back elements, and most tumblers prefer back tumbling as it is easier to build momentum.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Arabian saltos begin backwards, continue with a half twist to forwards, and end with one or more saltos forwards. They can be trained by beginning with an Arabian dive roll and adding a front salto to it.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They are counted as front tumbling in women's artistic gymnastics<ref>WAG COP 2022-2024 Section 7 Page 1</ref> and back tumbling in men's artistic gymnastics.<ref>MAG COP 2022-2024, p. 39</ref>

Multiple rotations

By 2003, the tucked double back salto had become common in women's gymnastics.<ref name=scientific>Template:Cite book</ref> The triple back salto exists in men's gymnastics but was rarely competed until 2017.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2019, American gymnast Simone Biles was the first woman to complete a back triple double: two saltos backwards with three twists in a tucked position.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

See also

• Aerial cartwheel
• Cartwheel (gymnastics)
• Roll (gymnastics)
• Trampolining
• Tumbling
• Parkour
• Handspring
• Diving
• Tumble turn