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Sopron

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Sopron ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a city in Hungary on the Austrian border, near Lake Neusiedl/Lake Fertő.

HistoryEdit

Ancient times-13th centuryEdit

File:1867 Sopron 5kr Oedenburg.jpg
Bilingual names in the Kingdom of Hungary after 1867

In the Iron Age a hilltop settlement with a burial ground existed in the neighbourhood of Sopron-Várhely.<ref>Patek, Erzsébet (1982). "Neue Untersuchungen auf dem Burgstall bei Sopron" [New investigations on the "Burgstall" near Sopron]. Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 63, 1982, pp. 105–177.</ref>

When the area that is today Western Hungary was a province of the Roman Empire, a city called Scarbantia stood here. The site of its forum is now the main square of Sopron.

During the Migration Period, Scarbantia was believed to be deserted. When Hungarians arrived in the area, the city was in ruins. From the 9th to the 11th centuries, Hungarians strengthened the old Roman city walls and built a castle. The city was named in Hungarian after a castle steward named Suprun. In 1153, it was mentioned as an important city.

In 1273, King Otakar II of Bohemia occupied the castle. Even though he took the children of Sopron's nobility with him as hostages, the city opened its gates when the armies of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary arrived. Ladislaus rewarded Sopron by elevating it to the rank of free royal town.

16th-19th centuriesEdit

During the Ottoman occupation of Hungary, the Ottoman Turks ravaged the city in 1529, but did not occupy it. Many Hungarians fled from the occupied areas to Sopron, and the city's importance grew.

While the Ottomans occupied most of Central Europe, the region north of Lake Balaton remained in the Kingdom of Hungary (1538–1867) (captaincy between Balaton and Drava).

In 1676, Sopron was destroyed by a fire. The modern city was born over the next few decades, when Baroque buildings were built to replace the destroyed medieval ones. Sopron became the seat of the comitatus Sopron.

The town was the seat of the Ödenburg comitat near 1850.<ref>Dictionnaire universel de M.N. BOUILLET, Paris, 1852 (in French).</ref> After the compromise of 1867 and until 1918, the city (known with the dual bilingual name of Sopron - Ödenburg)<ref>Handbook of Austria and Lombardy-Venetia Cancellations on the Postage Stamp Issues 1850-1864, by Edwin MUELLER, 1961.</ref> was part of the Habsburg-ruled Kingdom of Hungary.

20th century to presentEdit

File:Sopron plebiscite on 14 December 1921.webm
Sopron plebiscite, French and Italian officers arrive to control the voting districts on 14 December 1921.
File:Sopron Tuztorony.jpg
Firewatch Tower (12th century)

Following the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, ethnic Germans inhabited parts of four western Hungarian counties: Pozsony (Pressburg in German; Bratislava in Czech/Slovak), Vas (Eisenburg), Sopron (Ödenburg) and Moson (Wieselburg). The German-inhabited parts of those counties were initially awarded to Austria in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919). After local unrest and Italian diplomatic mediation in the Venice Protocol,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Sopron's status as part of Hungary (along with that of the surrounding eight villages) was decided by a controversial, local plebiscite held on 14 December 1921, with 65% voting for Hungary. Since then Sopron has been called Civitas Fidelissima ("The Most Loyal City", Template:Langx), and the anniversary of the plebiscite is a city holiday. However, the western parts of Vas, Sopron and Moson counties joined Austria and now form the Austrian federal state of Burgenland, and Pressburg/Pozsony was awarded to Czechoslovakia.

Sopron suffered greatly during World War II and was bombed several times. The Soviet Red Army captured the city on 1 April 1945.

The city of Sopron and the village of Sopronbánfalva began to stretch towards each other at the beginning of the 20th century, they unified in 1950 and since the areas have merged.<ref name="Sagi">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="KSH Sopron" /> Sopron and the village of Balf unified in 1985.<ref name="KSH Sopron" />

On 19 August 1989 Sopron was the site of the Pan-European Picnic, a protest on the border between Austria and Hungary, which was used by over 600 citizens of East Germany to escape to the West. As the first successful crossing of the border, it helped pave the way for the mass flight of East German citizens that led to the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989.

During the Socialist era, the government tried to turn Sopron into an industrial city, but much of the medieval town center remains, allowing the city to remain an attractive site for tourists.

Today, Sopron's economy immensely benefits from the European Union. Having been a city close to nowhere, that is, to the Iron Curtain, Sopron now has re-established full trade relations to nearby Austria. Furthermore, after being suppressed during the Cold War, Sopron's German-speaking culture and heritage are now recognized again. As a consequence, many of the city's street-and traffic-signs are written in both Hungarian and German making it an officially bilingual city due to its proximity to the Austrian frontier. Visitors admire the large number of buildings in this city that reflect medieval architecture—rare in war-torn Hungary. Situated close to the Austrian border, Sopron receives many visitors from Vienna (Template:Convert away), and from Bratislava, Slovakia (Template:Convert away), as well as from the United States, Great Britain, The Netherlands, Japan, and Scandinavia, who visit to take advantage of the excellent low-cost dental services offered: Sopron boasts so many dental clinics—more than 300—that the city is known as the "dental capital of the world."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Wine productionEdit

Sopron is a significant wine producing region, one of the few in Hungary to make both red and white wines. Grapes include Kékfrankos for red wine and Traminer (Gewürztraminer) for white wine. In climate it is similar to the neighbouring Burgenland wine region in Austria, and several winemakers make wine in both countries. Blue Frankish (= Kékfrankos, Blaufränkisch), Traminer, and Green Veltliner (= Zöld Veltelini, Grüner Veltliner) are well-known Sopron wines. Sopron's Blue Frankish and Pinot Noir wines are particularly prized.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The group of ethnic German wine growers in the Sopron area in the Habsburg Monarchy were the so-called Ponzichter.

DemographicsEdit

File:Sopron-légifotó52.jpg
The Main Square, Town Hall and the Firewatch Tower

Template:Historical populations

In 1910, Sopron had 33,931 inhabitants (51% German, 44.3% Hungarian, 4.7% other). Religions: 64.1% Roman Catholic, 27.8% Lutheran, 6.6% Jewish, 1.2% Calvinist, 0.3% other.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2001, the city had 56,125 inhabitants (92.8% Hungarian, 3.5% German, 3.7% other).<ref>2001 census - Nationalities Template:In lang</ref> Religions: 69% Roman Catholic, 7% Lutheran, 3% Calvinist, 8.1% Atheist, 11.9% no answer, 1% other.<ref>2001 census - Religions Template:In lang</ref><ref>Historical population of Győr-Moson-Sopron (Hungarian Central Statistical Office) Template:In lang</ref>

ArchitectureEdit

The architecture of the old section of town reflects its long history; walls and foundations from the Roman Empire are still common, together with a wealth of Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque structures, often artistically decorated, showing centuries of stability and prosperity.

There is an old synagogue and other remains from the town's former Jewish community, which was expelled in the 16th century.

On Daloshegy, there is a 165-metre tall FM-/TV-broadcasting tower, nicknamed "Rakéta" (Hungarian for rocket).

Places of interestEdit

  • City centre
  • Firewatch Tower
  • Walls with Roman origin
  • Széchenyi Square and Flag of Loyalty
  • Kecske Church
  • Esterházy Palace (baroque)
  • Eggenberg House
  • City Hall (eclectic, 1895)
  • Storno House (renaissance)
  • Fabricius House
  • "Two Moors" House (18th century baroque)
  • Chemist's Museum (15th–16th century. The house was pronounced the first national monument in Hungary by Louis II of Hungary in 1525.)
  • Lábasház (16th–17th century)
  • Gambrinus House (Old city hall)
  • Taródi Castle (István Taródi built the castle by himself. He started the building operations in 1945, when he was 20.)

AmusementEdit

  • Cartoon Forum (From Tuesday 14 to Friday 17 September 2010)
  • Spring Festival of Sopron (Soproni Tavaszi Fesztivál)
  • Festal Weeks of Sopron (Soproni Ünnepi Hetek)
  • Civitas Pinceszínház (Civitas Basement Theater)
  • Liszt Ferenc Művelődési Központ (Franz Liszt Conference and Cultural Centre )

PoliticsEdit

The current mayor of Sopron is Ciprián Farkas (Fidesz-KDNP).

The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 18 members (1 Mayor, 12 Individual constituencies MEPs and 5 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Party Seats Current Municipal Assembly
style="background-color: Template:Party color |   Fidesz-KDNP 13 style="background-color: Template:Party color |M style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |   style="background-color: Template:Party color |  
  Opposition coalitionTemplate:Efn 4                          
style="background-color:Template:Party color" |   Dialogue 1 style="background-color: Template:Party color |                          

GalleryEdit

  • Goat Church and Holy Trinity Column, Sopron.jpg

    Goat Church and Holy Trinity Column

  • Saint Michael's Church, Sopron.jpg

    Saint Michael's Church

  • Sopron Megyeháza.jpg

    County Hall of Győr-Moson-Sopron County

  • Sopron 86 Stadtturm.JPG

    Fire Tower

  • Sopron 156 Városháza.jpg

    Town Hall

  • Sopron Petőfi Színház főhomlokzat.jpg

    Petőfi Theater

  • Eszterhazypalota.JPG

    Esterházy Palace in the Temple Street

  • Lábasházsopron.JPG

    Orsolya Square and the Mary Fountain

  • SopronneugasseNr4.JPG

    New Street

  • Új utca 16 Sopron.jpg

    Gothic house in the New Street

  • Előkapu3sopron.JPG

    Előkapu Square

  • Kolostor u 13 Sopron.JPG

    House, Kolostor Street 13.

  • Ikvahidsopron.JPG

    Ikva Bridge

  • István Széchenyi statue in Sopron z01.jpg

    Statue of István Széchenyi

  • Sopron.Grabenrunde.zweisprachiges.Strassenschild.jpg

    Bilingual (Hungarian/German) road signs in Sopron.

  • Ortstafel Ödenburg.jpg

    Bilingual sign

SportsEdit

The women's basketball team Sopron Basket is one of the most successful Hungarian basketball team in history, with 15 National titles and success in Europe, in 2022 they won EuroLeague. MFC Sopron was a football team based in Sopron. The successor of the club is Soproni VSE.

Notable residentsEdit

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Twin towns – sister citiesEdit

Template:See also Sopron is twinned with:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Div col

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See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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Notes

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External linksEdit

Template:Sister project Template:Wikivoyage

Template:Sopron District Template:Győr-Moson-Sopron Template:Principal cities of Hungary Template:Cities with county rights (Hungary) Template:Hungary's most flowery settlements

Template:Authority control

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