Soursop
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Cs1 config Template:Speciesbox
Soursop (also called graviola, guyabano, and in Latin America {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is the fruit of Annona muricata, a broadleaf, flowering, evergreen tree.<ref name="cabi">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="morton">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is native to the tropical regions of the Americas and the Caribbean and is widely propagated.<ref name=morton/> It is in the same genus, Annona, as cherimoya and is in the Annonaceae family.
The soursop is adapted to areas of high humidity and relatively warm winters; temperatures below Template:Convert will cause damage to leaves and small branches, and temperatures below Template:Convert can be fatal. The fruit becomes dry and is no longer good for concentrate.
With an aroma similar to pineapple,<ref name=morton/> the flavor of the fruit has been described as a combination of strawberries and apple with sour citrus flavor notes, contrasting with an underlying thick creamy texture reminiscent of banana.
Soursop is widely promoted (sometimes as graviola) as an alternative cancer treatment, but there is no reliable medical evidence that it is effective for treating cancer or any disease.<ref name=canuk/>
Soursop leaves, skin, flesh, and seeds contain annonacin, a compound under preliminary research for its potential neurotoxicity.
Annona muricataEdit
Annona muricata is a species of the genus Annona of the custard apple tree family, Annonaceae, which has edible fruit.<ref name=cabi/><ref name=morton/> The fruit is usually called soursop due to its slightly acidic taste when ripe. Annona muricata is native to the Caribbean and Central America but is now widely cultivated – and in some areas, becoming invasive – in tropical and subtropical climates throughout the world, such as India.<ref name=cabi/><ref name=morton/>
The A. muricata fruit is generally called guanábana in Hispanic America, and the tree is a guanábano.
Annona muricata is also the main host plant for tailed jay (Graphium agamemnon) caterpillars. They eat the leaves voraciously and usually stick under the leaves to pupate.Template:Citation needed
Botanical descriptionEdit
Annona muricata is a small, upright, evergreen tree that can grow to about Template:Convert tall.<ref name=cabi/><ref name=morton/><ref name="UoC">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} Grower info at CRFG</ref><ref name="FoP">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Its young branches are hairy.<ref name="FoP"/> Leaves are oblong to oval, Template:Convert long and Template:Convert wide. They are a glossy dark green with no hairs above, and paler and minutely hairy to no hairs below.<ref name="FoP"/> The leaf stalks are Template:Convert long and without hairs.<ref name="FoP"/>
Flower stalks (peduncles) are Template:Convert long and woody. They appear opposite from the leaves or as an extra from near the leaf stalk, each with one or two flowers, occasionally a third.<ref name="FoP"/> Stalks for the individual flowers (pedicels) are stout and woody, minutely hairy to hairless and Template:Convert with small bractlets nearer to the base which are densely hairy.<ref name="FoP"/>
The petals are thick and yellowish. Outer petals meet at the edges without overlapping and are broadly ovate, Template:Convert by Template:Convert, tapering to a point with a heart shaped base. They are evenly thick, and are covered with long, slender, soft hairs externally and matted finely with soft hairs within. Inner petals are oval shaped and overlap. They measure roughly Template:Convert by Template:Convert, and are sharply angled and tapering at the base. Margins are comparatively thin, with fine matted soft hairs on both sides. The receptacle is conical and hairy. The stamens are Template:Convert long and narrowly wedge-shaped. The connective-tip terminate abruptly and anther hollows are unequal. Sepals are quite thick and do not overlap. Carpels are linear and basally growing from one base. The ovaries are covered with dense reddish brown hairs, 1-ovuled, style short and stigma truncate.<ref name="FoP"/> Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads.<ref>Walker JW (1971) Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae. Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, 202: 1–130.</ref>
The fruits are oval, dark green when immature, with a leathery, inedible skin that turns yellow-green during maturity.<ref name=morton/> They can be up to Template:Convert long, (individuals up to Template:Convert have been reported)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> with a moderately firm texture, and may weigh Template:Cvt.<ref name=morton/> Their flesh is juicy, acidic, whitish, and aromatic somewhat like pineapple, although with a unique earthy aroma.<ref name=morton/> Most of the immature segments are seedless, whereas mature fruit may contain as many as 200 seeds.<ref name=morton/>
DistributionEdit
Annona muricata is tolerant of poor soil<ref name=morton/> and prefers lowland areas between the altitudes of 0 to Template:Convert. It cannot stand frost.<ref name="UoC"/><ref name="FoP"/> The exact origin is unknown; it is native to the tropical regions of the Americas and is widely propagated.<ref name=cabi/><ref name=morton/> It is an introduced species on all temperate continents, especially in subtropical regions.<ref name=cabi/><ref name=morton/>
CultivationEdit
The plant is grown for its Template:Convert long, prickly, green fruit, which can have a mass of up to Template:Convert,<ref name=morton/> making it probably the second biggest annona after the junglesop. Away from its native area, some limited production occurs as far north as southern Florida within USDA Zone 10; however, these are mostly garden plantings for local consumption. It is also grown in parts of China and Southeast Asia and is abundant on the Island of Mauritius. The main suppliers of the fruit are Mexico followed by Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Haiti.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> To aid soursop breeders and stimulate further development of genomic resources for this globally important plant family, the complete genome for Annona muricata was sequenced in 2021.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
UsesEdit
CulinaryEdit
The flesh of the fruit consists of an edible, white pulp, some fiber, and a core of indigestible black seeds. The pulp is also used to make fruit nectar, smoothies, fruit juice drinks, as well as candies, sorbets, and ice cream flavorings.<ref name=cabi/><ref name=morton/> Due to the fruit's widespread cultivation, its derivative products are consumed in many countries, such as Jamaica, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Fiji.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The seeds are normally left in the preparation, and removed while consuming, unless a blender is used for processing.Template:Citation needed
Soursop is also a common ingredient for making fresh fruit juices that are sold by street food vendors. In Indonesia, the fruit is commonly called sirsak and sometimes made into dodol sirsak, a sweet which is made by boiling the soursop pulp in water and adding sugar until the mixture caramelizes and hardens. In the Philippines, it is called guyabano, derived from the Spanish guanábana, and is eaten ripe, or used to make juices, smoothies, or ice cream. Sometimes, the leaf is used in tenderizing meat. In Vietnam, this fruit is called mãng cầu Xiêm (Siamese soursop) in the south, or mãng cầu (soursop) in the north, and is used to make smoothies, or eaten as is. In Cambodia, this fruit is called tearb barung, literally "western custard-apple fruit". In Malaysia, it is known in Malay as durian belanda ("Dutch durian") and in East Malaysia, specifically among the Dusun people of Sabah, it is locally known as lampun. Popularly, it is eaten raw when it ripens, or used as one of the ingredients in ais kacang or ais batu campur. Usually the fruits are taken from the tree when they mature and left to ripen in a dark corner, whereafter they will be eaten when they are fully ripe. It has a white flower with a very pleasing scent, especially in the morning. While for people in Brunei Darussalam this fruit is popularly known as "durian salat", widely available and easily planted.Template:Citation needed
Soursop leaves are sold and consumed in Indonesia as herbal medicine. The leaves are usually boiled to make tea.Template:Citation needed
Subspecies as synonymsEdit
- Annona muricata var. borinquensis<ref name="MBG"/>
NutritionEdit
Raw soursop is 81% water, 17% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and has negligible fat (see table). In a reference amount of Template:Cvt, the raw fruit supplies Template:Convert of food energy, and contains only vitamin C as a significant amount (23%) of the Daily Value, with no other micronutrients in appreciable amounts (table).
PhytochemicalsEdit
The compound annonacin is contained in the fruit, seeds, and leaves of soursop.<ref name="ReferenceA">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=mskcc/><ref name="Potts">Template:Cite journal</ref> The leaves of Annona muricata contain annonamine, which is an aporphine-class alkaloid containing a quaternary ammonium group.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The plant also contains lichexanthone, a compound in the xanthone class.<ref name="Yamthe et al. 2015">Template:Cite journal</ref>
NeurotoxicityEdit
The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center cautions, "alkaloids extracted from graviola may cause neuronal dysfunction".<ref name=mskcc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Annonacin has been shown in laboratory research to be neurotoxic.<ref name=mskcc/><ref name=Potts/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2010, the French food safety agency, Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé, concluded that "it is not possible to confirm that the observed cases of atypical Parkinson syndrome ... are linked to the consumption of Annona muricata".<ref name=AFSSA>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
False cancer treatment claimsEdit
In 2008, the Federal Trade Commission in the United States stated that use of soursop to treat cancer was "bogus", and there was "no credible scientific evidence" that the extract of soursop sold by Bioque Technologies "can prevent, cure, or treat cancer of any kind."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Also in 2008, a UK court case relating to the sale of Triamazon, a soursop product, resulted in the criminal conviction of a man under the terms of the UK Cancer Act for offering to treat people for cancer. A spokesman for the council that instigated the action stated, "it is as important now as it ever was that people are protected from those peddling unproven products with spurious claims as to their effects."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Cancer Research UK state that cancer treatment using soursop is not supported by reliable clinical evidence.<ref name="canuk">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=mskcc/> According to Cancer Research UK, "Many sites on the internet advertise and promote graviola capsules as a cancer cure, but none of them are supported by any reputable scientific cancer organizations" and "there is no evidence to show that graviola works as a cure for cancer".<ref name=canuk/>
See alsoEdit
- Annona crassiflora
- Annona reticulata
- Asimina triloba
- Atemoya
- Cherimoya
- List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments
- Sugar-apple
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Template:Wikispecies-inline
- Soursop, List of Chemicals, Dr. James Duke, USDA Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases, November 2004
Template:Taxonbar Template:Unproven and disproven cancer treatments