Sprint (running)

File:Usain Bolt 2012 Olympics 1.jpg

Usain Bolt, world record holder in 100 m and 200 m sprints

File:2014 DécaNation - 400 m 20.jpg

This sprinter's initial crouch in the blocks allowed her to preload her muscles and channel the force generated from this into her first strides.

Sprinting is running over a short distance at the top-most speed of the body in a limited period of time. It is used in many sports that incorporate running, typically as a way of quickly reaching a target or goal, or avoiding or catching an opponent. Human physiology dictates that a runner's near-top speed cannot be maintained for more than 30–35 seconds due to the depletion of phosphocreatine stores in muscles, and perhaps secondarily to excessive metabolic acidosis as a result of anaerobic glycolysis.<ref name="400M" />

In athletics and track and field, sprints (or dashes) are races over short distances. They are among the oldest running competitions, being recorded at the Ancient Olympic Games. Three sprints are currently held at the modern Summer Olympics and outdoor World Championships: the 100 metres, 200 metres, and 400 metres.

At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the starting blocks before driving forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the race progresses and momentum is gained. The set position differs depending on the start. The use of starting blocks allows the sprinter to perform an enhanced isometric preload; this generates muscular pre-tension which is channeled into the subsequent forward drive, making it more powerful. Body alignment is of key importance in producing the optimal amount of force. Ideally, the athlete should begin in a 4-point stance and drive forwards, pushing off using both legs for maximum force production.<ref name="100 m – For the Expert">100 m – For the Expert. IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.</ref> Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events,<ref name=400M>400 m Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.</ref> with the sole exception of the 400 metres indoors. Races up to 100 metres are largely focused upon acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed.<ref name="100 m – For the Expert"/> All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance.<ref>200 m For the Expert. IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.</ref>

History

File:Stadion of Nemea.jpg

The stadion of ancient Nemea, Greece

The first 13 editions of the Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event—the stadion race, which was a sprinting race from one end of the stadium to the other.<ref name=Instone>Instone, Stephen (15 November 2009). The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern. BBC. Retrieved on 23 March 2010.</ref> The Diaulos (Δίαυλος, "double pipe") was a double-stadion race, Template:Circa, introduced in the 14th Olympiad of the ancient Olympic Games (724Template:NbspBC).

Sprint races were part of the original Olympic Games in the 7th century BC as well as the first modern Olympic Games which started in the late 19th century (Athens 1896)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and featured the 100 metres and 400 metres. Athletes started both races from a crouched start (4-point stance). In both the original Olympics and the modern Olympics, only men were allowed to participate in track and field until the 1928 games in Amsterdam, Netherlands.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The 1928 games were also the first games to use a 400-metre track, which became the standard for track and field.

The modern sprinting events have their roots in races of imperial measurements which were later altered to metric: the 100 m evolved from the 100-yard dash,<ref>100 m – Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.</ref> the 200 m distance came from the furlong (or Template:Frac mile),<ref>200 m Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.</ref> and the 400 m was the successor to the 440-yard dash or quarter-mile race.<ref name="400M" />

Technological advances have always improved sprint performances (i.e., starting blocks, synthetic track material, and shoe technology). In 1924, athletes used a small shovel to dig holes to start the race. The world record in the 100-metre dash in 1924 was 10.4 seconds, while in 1948, (the first use of starting blocks) was 10.2 seconds, and was 10.1 seconds in 1956. The constant drive for faster athletes with better technology has brought man from 10.4 seconds to 9.58 seconds in less than 100 years.

Track events were measured with the metric system except for the United Kingdom and the United States until 1965 and 1974 respectively. The Amateur Athletic Association (AAU)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> decided to switch track and field in the U.S. to the metric system to finally make track and field internationally equivalent.

Biological factors for runners

Biological factors that determine a sprinter's potential include:

• Height (minor factor)Template:Citation needed
• Muscular strength
• Adrenaline use
• Anaerobic respiration capacity
• Breathing
• Footspeed
• Proportion of fast twitch muscles<ref>Quinn, Elizabeth (2007-10-30). Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers About.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-01.</ref>
• Leg length
• Pelvic widthTemplate:Citation needed

Template:Div col end

Competitions

File:Start women 60 m Doha 2010.jpg

Start of the women's 60 m at the 2010 World Indoor Championships

Common contemporary distances

60 metres

• Normally run indoors, on a straight section of an indoor athletic track.
• Some of the fastest humans reach their maximum speed around the 60-metre mark.
• 60-metres is often used as an outdoor distance by younger athletes when starting sprint racing.

Note: Indoor distances are less standardized, as many facilities run shorter or occasionally longer distances depending on available space. 60 m is the championship distance.

==== 100 metres<ref name="liveabout.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> ====

• Takes place on the straight of a standard outdoor 400 m track.
• Often, the world-record holder in this race is considered "the world's fastest man or woman."
• Primarily an outdoor race.

File:Crawford, Dzingai 200 m Berlin 2009.jpg

A 200 m bend

200 metres<ref name="liveabout.com"/>

• Begins on the curve of a standard track (where the runners are staggered in their starting position, to ensure that they all run the same distance), and ends on the home straight.
• Competed both indoors and outdoors, with only slightly slower times than outdoors.

400 metres<ref name="liveabout.com"/>

• Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance.
• Competed both indoors and outdoors, with only slightly slower times than outdoors.

File:AllysonFelixRelay4x400London2012.jpg

Allyson Felix, at London 2012 Summer Olympics

==== 4 × 100 metres relay<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> ====

• Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance.
• Runners use exchange zones (and, previously, separate acceleration zones which have now been eliminated) to pass a baton

4 × 400 metres relay<ref name=":0"/>

• Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance.
• Runners use exchange zones to pass a baton.
• Typically, the final race at track meets.

Historical and uncommon distances

50 yards (45.72 m)

The event was a common event for most American students because it was one of the standardized test events as part of the President's Award on Physical Fitness.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

50 m

The 50 metres is an uncommon event and alternative to the 60 metres. Donovan Bailey holds the men's world record with a time of 5.56 seconds and Irina Privalova holds the women's world record with a time of 5.96 seconds.

60 yards (54.864 m)

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

• A rarely run sprinting event that was once more commonplace. The world record time of 5.99 seconds is held by Lee McRae and was set in 1987. The time is often used for American Football speed training.

55 m

The 55 metres is an uncommon event that resulted from the metrication of the 60 yards and is an alternative to the 60 metres.

70 yards (64.008 m)

An extremely rare sprinting event, that was occasionally run in the 1960s. The world record of 6.90 seconds is held by Bob Hayes.

100 yards (91.44 m)

• The outdoor standard in the English (imperial measured) speaking world. It was part of the Commonwealth Games up until 1966 and was the premier event in American high school sprinting until the NFHS changed to metric in 1980, now only a secondary distance to the 100 metres.
• The unofficial World Record Holder is Jamaican Asafa Powell with a time of 9.07 seconds.

150 m

File:Manchester City Games 2009 - Men's final 2 (crop2).jpg

150 metres final at the Manchester City Games 2009

• The informal distance of 150 metres (164.042 yards) can be used to work on a 100 m runner's stamina, or a 200 m runner's speed, and has been used as an exhibition distance. The distance was used in a race between the 1996 Olympic champions, the 100 m gold medalist Donovan Bailey (Canada) and the 200 m gold medalist Michael Johnson (USA). It was to decide which of the two was really the 'fastest man on earth' (see Bailey–Johnson 150-metre race).
• The informal distance was used for an exhibition race during the Manchester Great CityGames as part of the 2009 Great Manchester Run (UK). Stars included Triple Olympic Champion Usain Bolt (Jamaica) alongside Ivory Williams (USA), Simeon Williamson (UK), and other international track stars. The female race included 400 m Olympic Champion, Christine Ohuruogu of Great Britain alongside Debbie Ferguson-McKenzie (Bahamas). Bolt ran the distance in a record time of 14.35 seconds.<ref>Bolt runs 14.35 sec for 150m; covers 50m-150m in 8.70 sec!. IAAF (2009-05-17). Retrieved on 2009-05-17.</ref><ref>Template:YouTube</ref>

Stadion

File:Panathenaic Amphora Sprinters.jpg

A race scene from Ancient Greece. This drawing is an early 20th Century copy of scene from an Ancient Greek Panathenaic amphora

<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The stadion, also known as the stade, was the standard short distance sprint in ancient Greece and ran the length of a stadium. However, stadiums could vary in size and there was apparently no definite standard length for them, e.g., the stadium at Delphi measures 177 m and the one at Pergamon 210 m.<ref>Spivey, Nigel, The Ancient Olympics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 111–112</ref>

300 m

• The 300 metres is another informal distance, which could be used to aid a 200 m runner's stamina, or a 400 m runner's speed. Currently, the world's best for this event is 30.69 seconds, set by Letsile Tebogo at altitude in Pretoria, South Africa in 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> The women's record is 34.41 seconds, set by Shaunae Miller-Uibo in Ostrava, Czech Republic in 2019.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Junior girls in several countries run this distance instead of the 400 metres.

Diaulos

The diaulos was an event contested in the Ancient Greek Olympia that was double the length of a stadion.

File:Image from page 318 of "Greek athletic sports and festivals" (1910).jpg

CitationClass=web }}</ref>

As well as standard foot races, in Ancient Greece there was also a sprint race called the hoplitodromos ('armed diaulos'<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>). This required the sprinters to additionally carry a large shield and wear a helmet. Similarly to the diaulos, they ran two stades in length i.e. one stade ending with a 180 degree turn around a post, which led onto the second stade in length back down the track.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the diaulos, each sprinter had an individual post to run around.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, for some hoplitodromos races all of the sprinters ran around a single central post.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

4 × 200 metres relay<ref name=":0" />

• Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance.
• Runners use acceleration zones and exchange zones to pass a baton

Equipment

Shoes

Typically, a sprinter only needs two types of shoes, training shoes and sprinting spikes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Sprinting spikes are typically designed to be lightweight, with a minimal cushion on the heels and a plate on the forefoot to keep the runner on the toes of each foot. The spike plate will typically have the maximum number of holes for metal spikes to be inserted to keep a proper grip on the track surface. These metal removable spikes also come in varying sizes. The spikes typically range from 4 mm to 15 mm and come in different styles. Most facilities have specific requirements for what size and style spikes can be used.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

=== Starting blocks<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> === Starting blocks are not a necessity but are highly suggested for use in sprinting events. Starting blocks are a piece of equipment that typically consists of foot pads attached to a central rail. The point of using blocks is to help the athlete push themselves further down the track as quickly as possible.

==== Typical block start set-up<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> ====

• Place heel slightly on the starting line
• Place the blocks in the center of the track, approximately where your toe is.
• The dominant foot will be in the front block. With the paddle being set at 45 degrees
• The front block will be about 1 Template:Frac-2 foot lengths from the starting line.
• The non-dominant foot will be in the back block.  The paddle will be set as high as possible.
• The back block will be set about 3–3 Template:Frac foot lengths from the starting line.
• The front block and back block are only about 1 foot length apart.
• The toes should barely touch the ground.  
• Hands will be placed about shoulder-width apart, with the thumb and pointer finger slightly behind the line.
• Arms should be in a straight position (locked or prepared to be locked at the elbows)
• The arms will remain straight (if not locked at the elbows)
• The hips will rise slightly above the shoulders (forcing the front half of the body to lean forward at about 45 degrees (slightly less)).
• A forward lean is optimal because it shifts most of the weight to the hands with a minimal bend to the back.
• The dominant leg should have about a 90-degree bend at the knee, while the non-dominant leg should be about 120 degrees
• The arm on the dominant foot side will swing forward in an "exaggerated" fashion, while the arm on the non-dominant side will swing backward in the same fashion
• The non-dominant foot will be the first step.
• The non-dominant leg should come out with a long (within comfort's range) stride, bringing the knee to a 90-degree position (separation of the foot and opposite leg's knee about 2–2 Template:Frac feet), approximately a 45-degree shin angle, and dorsiflexion with each stride.
• Halfway before the first step lands, the "driving" position should have a straight line through the non-dominant ankle, knee, hips, shoulders, and head.

Baton

The baton is a required element for any relay race. The baton is passed to each athlete through different exchange zones, with different techniques. Typically, about Template:Convert long and Template:Convert in diameter.

Timing

Stopwatches

Used typically in training sessions to measure relative times and recovery times. Stopwatches are not always the most accurate way to measure times in a race setting,

Fully Automatic Timing / gate systems

Fully Automatic Timing (FAT) and gate systems are used to accurately measure races, with results as accurate as up to 1/1000 of a second.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>  

Governing bodies

As of 2021, World Athletics (WA) <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is the governing body for track and field around the world. Every country that wishes to participate in WA competitions must become a member.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Rules

Rule differences between governing bodies

Each governing body sets its own rules for how competition is deemed fair.  World Athletics sets the competition rules internationally. The World Athletics rulebook<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is broken into 4 separate books.

The start

File:Start Jeremy Wariner 2007.jpg

Jeremy Wariner beginning a race from the starting blocks

Starting blocks are used for all competition sprints (up to and including 400 m) and relay events (first leg only, up to 4x400 m).<ref name=IAAF>Competition Rules 2012-13, IAAF</ref> The starting blocks consist of two adjustable footplates attached to a rigid frame. Races commence with the firing of the starter's gun.<ref name=IAAF /> The starting commands are "On your marks" and "Set".<ref name=IAAF /> Once all athletes are in the set position, the starter's gun is fired, officially starting the race. For the 100 m, all competitors are lined up side by side. For the 200 m, 300 m, and 400 m, which involve curves, runners are staggered for the start.

In the rare event that there are technical issues with a start, a green card is shown to all the athletes. The green card carries no penalty. If an athlete is unhappy with track conditions after the "on your marks" command is given, the athlete must raise a hand before the "set" command and provide the Start referee with a reason. It is then up to the Start referee to decide if the reason is valid. If the Start referee deems the reason invalid, a yellow card (warning) is issued to that particular athlete. If the athlete is already on a warning, the athlete is disqualified.

False starts

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Skyttis athletics tracks.jpg

Sprint lanes in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, as seen from the 100 m starting point

According to the World Athletics (WA) rules, "An athlete, after assuming a full and final set position, shall not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun or approved starting apparatus. If, in the judgement of the Starter or Recallers, he does so any earlier, it shall be deemed a false start."<ref name="IAAF"/>

The 100 m Olympic gold and silver medallist Linford Christie of Great Britain famously had frequent false starts that were marginally below the legal reaction time of 0.1 seconds. Christie and his coach, Ron Roddan, both claimed that the false starts were due to Christie's exceptional reaction times being under legal time. His frequent false starting eventually led to his disqualification from the 1996 Summer Olympics 100 m final in Atlanta, the US, due to a second false start by Christie. Since January 2010, under WA rules, a single false start by an athlete resulted in disqualification.

In 2012, a new development to the false start rule was added. Because certain athletes could be disqualified for twitching in the starting blocks, but some athletes could make a twitch without the starter noticing and disqualifying the athlete, it was decided that twitching in the starting block while being in the 'set' position would only carry a maximum penalty of a yellow card or a warning. To instantly be disqualified for a false start, an athlete's hands must leave the track or their feet must leave the starting blocks, while the athlete is in their final 'set' position.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Lanes

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-0822-034, Sabine Busch, Cornelia Ulrich.jpg

The finish of the 1987 East German athletics championships

For all Olympic sprint events, runners must remain within their pre-assigned lanes, which measure 1.22 metres (4 feet) wide, from start to finish.<ref>2009 USATF Competition Rules, Rule 160(1)</ref> The lanes can be numbered 1 through 8, 9, or rarely 10, starting with the inside lane. Any athlete who runs outside the assigned lane to gain an advantage is subject to disqualification. If the athlete is forced to run outside of his or her lane by another person, and no material advantage is gained, there will be no disqualification. Also, a runner who strays from his or her lane in the straightaway, or crosses the outer line of his or her lane on the bend, and gains no advantage by it, will not be disqualified as long as no other runner is obstructed.

The finish

The first athlete whose torso reaches the vertical plane of the closest edge of the finish line is the winner. To ensure that the sprinter's torso triggers the timing impulse at the finish line rather than an arm, foot, or other body parts, a double Photocell is commonly used. Times are only recorded by an electronic timing system when both of these Photocells are simultaneously blocked. Photo finish systems are also used at some track and field events.

World records

Women's World Records

Discipline	Performance	Competitor	Country	Venue	Date
50 metres	5.96	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Madrid (ESP)	9 February 1995
60 metres	6.92	Irina Privalova<ref name="worldathletics.org"/>	RUS<ref name="Member Federations"/>	Madrid (ESP)	9 February 1995
100 metres	10.49	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Indianapolis, Indiana (USA)	16 July 1988
200 metres (indoors)	21.87	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Lievin (FRA)	13 February 1993
200 metres (outdoors)	21.34	Florence Griffith-Joyner<ref name="ReferenceA"/>	USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/>	Olympic Stadium, Jamsil, Seoul (KOR)	29 September 1988
400 metres (indoors)	49.26	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	NLD	Omnisport, Apeldoorn (NLD)	19 February 2023
400 metres (outdoors)	47.60	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	GDR	Bruce Stadium, Canberra (AUS)	6 October 1985
4x100 metre relay	40.82	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Allyson Felix,<ref name="ReferenceD">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bianca Knight,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Carmelita Jeter<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/>	Olympic Stadium, London (GBR)	10 August 2012
4x200 metre relay (indoors)	1:32.41	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yuliya Pechonkina,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Irina Khabarova,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yekaterina Kondratyeva<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	RUS<ref name="Member Federations"/>	Glasgow (GBR)	29 January 2005
4x200 metre relay (outdoors)	1:27.46	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Nanceen Perry,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> LaTasha Colander,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> LaTasha Jenkins<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/>	Philadelphia, PA (USA)	29 April 2000
4x400 metre relay (indoors)	3:23.37	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Olga Zaytseva,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Olesya Krasnomovets-Forsheva<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	RUS<ref name="Member Federations"/>	Glasgow (GBR)	28 January 2006
4x400 metre relay (outdoors)	3:15.17	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Olga Nazarova,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Mariya Pinigina,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Olga Bryzgina<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	URS	Olympic Stadium, Jamsil, Seoul (KOR)	1 October 1988

Men's World Records

Discipline	Performance	Competitor	Country	Venue	Date
50 metres	5.56	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Reno, Nevada (USA)	9 February 1996
60 metres	6.34	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/>	Albuquerque, New Mexico (USA)	18 February 2018
100 metres	9.58	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	JAM<ref name="ReferenceC"/>	Olympiastadion, Berlin (GER)	16 August 2009
200 metres (indoors)	19.92	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Liévin (FRA)	18 February 1996
200 metres (outdoors)	19.19	Usain Bolt<ref name="ReferenceF"/>	JAM<ref name="ReferenceC"/>	Olympiastadion, Berlin (GER)	20 August 2009
400 metres (indoors)	44.57	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/>	Fayetteville, Arkansas (USA)	12 March 2005
400 metres (outdoors)	43.03	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Estádio Olímpico, Rio de Janeiro (BRA)	14 August 2016
4x100 metre relay	36.84	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Michael Frater,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yohan Blake,<ref name="ReferenceG">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Usain Bolt<ref name="ReferenceF"/>	JAM<ref name="ReferenceC"/>	Olympic Stadium, London (GBR)	11 August 2012
4x200 metre relay (indoors)	1:22.11	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ade Mafe,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Darren Braithwaite,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Linford Christie<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Glasgow (GBR)	3 March 1991
4x200 metre relay (outdoors)	1:18.63	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Warren Weir,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Jermaine Brown,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Yohan Blake<ref name="ReferenceG"/>	JAM<ref name="ReferenceC"/>	T. Robinson Stadium, Nassau (BAH)	24 May 2014
4x400 metre relay (indoors)	3:01.51	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Obi Igbokwe,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Jermaine Holt,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kahmari Montgomery<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/>	Clemson, South Carolina (USA)	9 February 2019
4x400 metre relay (outdoors)	2:54.29	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Harry "Butch" Reynolds,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Quincy Watts,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Andrew Valmon<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/>	Gottlieb-Daimler Stadion, Stuttgart (GER)	22 August 1993

Mixed World Records

Discipline	Performance	Competitor	Country	Venue	Date
4x400 metre relay mixed	3:08.80	Justin Robinson, Rosey Effiong, Matthew Bowling, Alexis Holmes	USA<ref name="ReferenceB"/>	National Athletics Centre, Budapest (HUN)	19 August 2023

Sprint training

While genetics play a large role in one's ability to sprint,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> athletes must be dedicated to their training to ensure that they can optimize their performances. Sprint training includes various running workouts, targeting acceleration, speed development, speed endurance, special endurance, and tempo endurance. Additionally, athletes perform intense strength training workouts, as well as plyometric or jumping workouts. Collectively, these training methods produce qualities that allow athletes to be stronger, and more powerful, in hopes of ultimately running faster.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

See also

• Sprint cycling
• Athletics at the Summer Olympics
  • 60 metres at the Olympics
  • 100 metres at the Olympics
  • 200 metres at the Olympics
  • 400 metres at the Olympics
  • Sprint hurdles at the Olympics
  • 400 metres hurdles at the Olympics
  • 4×100 metres relay at the Olympics
  • 4×400 metres relay at the Olympics

External links

• Top 10 greatest sprint races in history (archived 17 November 2006)
• IAAF list of sprint records in XML