Template:Short description Template:About Template:Infobox saint Saint Demetrius (or Demetrios) of Thessalonica (Template:Langx, Template:TransliterationTemplate:Efn), also known as the Holy Great-Martyr Demetrius the Myroblyte (meaning 'the Myrrh-Gusher' or 'Myrrh-Streamer';Template:Efn 3rd century – 306), was a Greek Christian martyr of the early 4th century AD.
During the Middle Ages, he came to be revered as one of the most important Orthodox military saints, often paired with Saint George of Lydda.
In the Roman Catholic Church he is most commonly called Demetrius of Sirmium and his memorial is 9 April in the 2004 Roman Martyrology and 8 October in the martyrology of the Extraordinary Form. It is debated whether Demetrius of Thessalonica and Demetrius of Sirmium are the same person.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
LifeEdit
The earliest written accounts of his life were compiled in the 9th century, although there are earlier images of him, and the 7th-century Miracles of Saint Demetrius collection. According to these early accounts, Demetrius was born to pious Christian parents in Thessalonica, Macedonia in 270.<ref name=uoc/>
According to the hagiographies, Demetrius was a young man of senatorial family who became proconsul of the Thessalonica district. He was run through with spears in around 306 in Thessalonica, during the Christian persecutions under the emperor Galerius,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which matches his depiction in the 7th-century mosaics.
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Veneration of sainthood and celebrationsEdit
Evolution during Byzantine EmpireEdit
Transfer to Thessaloniki; gaining of military attributesEdit
Most historical scholars follow the hypothesis put forward by Bollandist Hippolyte Delehaye (1859–1941), that his veneration was transferred from Sirmium<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> when Thessaloniki replaced it as the main military base in the area in 441/442 AD. His very large church in Thessaloniki, the Hagios Demetrios, dates from the mid-5th century.<ref name=crypt>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Thessaloniki remained a centre of his veneration, and he is the patron saint of the city.
After the growth of his veneration as saint, the city of Thessaloniki suffered repeated attacks and sieges from the Slavic peoples who moved into the Balkans, and Demetrius was credited with many miraculous interventions to defend the city. Hence later traditions about Demetrius regard him as a soldier in the Roman army, and he came to be regarded as an important military martyr.<ref name=Lapina>Template:Cite journal</ref>
From pagan Demeter to St DemetriosEdit
Demetrius was also venerated as patron of agriculture, peasants and shepherds in the Greek countryside during the Middle Ages. According to historian Hans Kloft, he had inherited this role from the pagan goddess Demeter. After the demise of the Eleusinian Mysteries, Demeter's cult, in the 4th century, the Greek rural population had gradually transferred her rites and roles onto the Christian saint Demetrius.Template:Sfnp
During the CrusadesEdit
Unsurprisingly, he was extremely popular in the Middle Ages. Disputes between Bohemond I of Antioch and Alexios I Komnenos appear to have resulted in Demetrius being appropriated as patron saint of crusading.<ref name=Lapina/>
RelicsEdit
Most scholars still believe that for four centuries after his death, Demetrius had no physical relics, and in their place an unusual empty shrine called the "ciborium" was built inside Hagios Demetrios. What were purported to be his remains subsequently appeared in Thessaloniki, but the local archbishop John, who compiled the first book of the Miracles ca. 610, was publicly dismissive of their authenticity.<ref>Cormack p. 75</ref> The relics were assumed to be genuine after they started emitting a liquid and strong-scented myrrh. This gave Demeterius the epithet Myroblyte.<ref name=uoc>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Efn
Veneration in Orthodox world outside GreeceEdit
Demetrius was a patron saint of the Rurik dynasty from the late 11th century on. Izyaslav I of Kiev (whose Christian name was Dimitry) founded the first East Slavic monastery dedicated to this saint.Template:Citation needed
In the Russian Orthodox Church, the Saturday before the Feast of Saint Demetrius is a memorial day. Originally, the day was one commemorating the soldiers who fell in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), under the leadership of Demetrius of the Don, but came to be a day in which all reposed Orthodox Christians were commemorated. This day is known as Demetrius Saturday.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Romanian Orthodox Church revere Demetrius on 26 October ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} [[[:Template:Transliteration]]] in Bulgarian); meanwhile, the Serbian Orthodox Church and Macedonian Orthodox Church (Ohrid) and the Coptic Church have a feast on 8 November (called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} [[[:Template:Transliteration]]] in Serbian and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} [[[:Template:Transliteration]]] in Macedonian).
Derived personal namesEdit
The names Dimitar (Bulgarian and Macedonian), Dimitry (Russian), Dimitris (Δημήτρης, Greek), Dumitru (Romanian), Mitri (short form of Dimitri in Lebanon) are in common use.
IconographyEdit
The hagiographic cycles of the Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessaloniki include depictions of scenes from his life and his posthumous miracles.<ref name="Belik">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Demetrius was initially depicted in icons and mosaics as a young man in patterned robes with the distinctive tablion of the senatorial class across his chest. Miraculous military interventions were attributed to him during several attacks on Thessaloniki, and he gradually became thought of as a soldier: a Constantinopolitan ivory of the late 10th century shows him as an infantry soldier (Metropolitan Museum of Art). But, an icon of the late 11th century in Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai shows him as before, still a civilian. In Byzantine icons he is depicted in military dress, either standing or riding a horse.<ref>"Saint Demetrios, The Myrrh-Streamer", The Greek Orthodox Church of St. Demetrios</ref>
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Another Sinai icon, of the Crusader period and painted by a French artist working in the Holy Land in the second half of the 12th century, shows what then became the most common depiction. Demetrius, bearded, rather older, and on a red horse, rides together with George, unbearded and on a white horse.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Both are dressed as cavalrymen. Also, while George is often shown spearing a dragon, Demetrius is depicted spearing the gladiator Lyaeus ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:Transliteration; for meaning see here), who according to story was responsible for killing many Christians. Lyaeus is commonly depicted below Demetrius and lying supine, having already been defeated; Lyaeus is traditionally drawn much smaller than Demetrius. In traditional hagiography, Demetrius did not directly kill Lyaeus, but rather through his prayers the gladiator was defeated by Demetrius' disciple, Nestor.<ref name=Belik/>
A modern Greek iconographic convention depicts Demetrius with the Great White Tower in the background. The anachronistic White Tower acts as a symbolic depiction of the city of Thessaloniki, despite having been built in the 16th century, centuries after his life, and the exact architecture of the older tower that stood at the same site in earlier times is unknown. Again, iconography often depicts saints holding a church or protecting a city.
According to a hagiographic legend, best known in Russia in the version retold by Dimitry of Rostov (1651–1709), Demetrius appeared in the camp of tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria during his 1207 siege of Thessaloniki, piercing the king with a lance and so killing him. This scene, known in Russian as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("the miracle of the destruction of tsar Kaloyan") became a popular element in the iconography of Demetrius. He is shown on horseback piercing the king with his spear,<ref>"St Demetrius of Thessaloniki", Ruzhnikov</ref> paralleling the iconography (and often shown alongside) of Saint George and the Dragon.
Feast DaysEdit
Eastern OrthodoxyEdit
Demetrius' feast day is on 26 October, which falls on 8 November [NS, "new style"] for those following the old calendar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
There is also a commemoration of the finding of his icon on the island of Syros on May 25.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Demeter
- Hagios Demetrios, the main sanctuary dedicated to Saint Demetrios
- Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki, patron saint archive
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Bauer, Franz Alto (2013). Eine Stadt und ihr Patron. Thessaloniki und der Heilige Demetrios [A city and its patron saint. Thessaloniki and St Demetrios]. Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner, Template:ISBN (monographical study on the veneration of Demetrius with a focus on Thessaloniki).
- Robin Cormack, Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons, George Philip, London, 1985. Template:ISBN
- Eugenia Russell, St Demetrius of Thessalonica; Cult and Devotion in the Middle Ages, Peter Lang, Oxford, 2010. Template:ISBN
- James C. Skedros, Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki: Civic Patron and Divine Protector 4th-7th Centuries CE, Trinity Press International, 1999. Summarized in Harvard Theological Review 89:410 (1996). in JSTOR
- James C. Skedros, "Response to David Woods" Harvard Theological Review 93:3:235 (July 2000). at JSTOR
- Kurt Weitzmann in The Icon, 1982, Evans Brothers Ltd, London, ills. pp. 32,51,220 (trans of Le Icone, Montadori 1981), Template:ISBN
- Template:Cite journal free copy
- David Woods, bibliography on St. Demetrius
External linksEdit
Template:Sister project Template:Spoken Wikipedia
- David Woods, St Demetrius from his Military Martyrs Web site. Includes article on Origins of the Cult, the Passion and Miracles by Anastasius the Librarian (BHL 2122 and 2123), images & links.
- The Life Of The Holy Great Martyr Of Christ Saint Demetrios The Myrrh-Bearer of Thessalonica Compiled by Fr. Demetrios Serfes Template:Webarchive
- Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica Orthodox icon and synaxarion