Standard drink

File:NIH standard drink comparison.jpg

United States standard drinks of beer, malt liquor, wine, and spirits compared. Each contains about 14 grams or 17.7 ml of ethanol.

A standard drink or (in the UK) unit of alcohol is a measure of alcohol consumption representing a fixed amount of pure alcohol. The notion is used in relation to recommendations about alcohol consumption and its relative risks to health. It helps to inform alcohol users.<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/>

A hypothetical alcoholic beverage sized to one standard drink varies in volume depending on the alcohol concentration of the beverage (for example, a standard drink of spirits takes up much less space than a standard drink of beer), but it always contains the same amount of alcohol and therefore produces the same amount of intoxication.<ref name="ec.europa.eu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Many government health guidelines specify low to high risk amounts in units of grams of pure alcohol per day, week, or single occasion. These government guidelines often illustrate these amounts as standard drinks of various beverages, with their serving sizes indicated. Although used for the same purpose, the definition of a standard drink varies from country to country.

Labeling beverages with the equivalent number of standard drinks is common in some countries.

Definitions in various countries

The definition of what constitutes a standard drink varies very widely between countries,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> with what each country defines as the amount of pure alcohol in a standard drink ranging from 8 to 20 grams.

The sample questionnaire form for the World Health Organization's Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) uses Template:Convert,<ref name="WHO_AUDIT_EN" /> and this definition has been adopted by more countries than any other amount.<ref name="Kalinowski2016">Template:Cite journal</ref> Some countries choose to base the definition on mass of alcohol (in grams) while others base the unit on the volume (in ml or other volume units).<ref name="ec.europa.eu"/> For comparison, both measurements are shown here, as well as the number of standard drinks contained in Template:Convert of 5% ABV beer (a typical large size of beer in Europe, slightly larger than a US pint of 473 mL). The terminology for the unit also varies, as shown in the Notes column.

Amount of pure alcohol (in grams or millilitres) contained in a standard drink, as defined in different countries.

Country	Mass (g)	Volume (mL)	Ratio to WHO AUDIT's example (10 g<ref name="WHO_AUDIT_EN" />)	Is 10 g	Notes
Albania<ref name="IARD" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Argentina<ref name="IARD" />	14	17.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Australia<ref name="Kalinowski2016" /><ref>Population Health Division, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing The Australian Standard Drink Template:Webarchive</ref>	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Austria<ref name="Kalinowski2016" /><ref name="IARD">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 20 || 25.3 || {{#expr:Template:Round}} || Template:No ||
Benin<ref name="IARD" />	14	17.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Bosnia and Herzegovina<ref name="IARD" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Canada<ref name="Kalinowski2016" /><ref>Canadian Public Health Association. URL: [1]. 2006.</ref><ref name=CMAH>Centre for Addiction and Mental Health / Centre de toxicomanie et de santé mentale Low-Risk Drinking Guidelines</ref>	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> or 13.5<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| 17.2 or 17<ref name="canada.ca"/> || {{#expr:Template:Round}} or {{#expr:Template:Round}} || Template:No || This specific unit is computed based on the oz definition as: Template:Cvt bottle of 5% alcohol beer, cider or cooler Template:Cvt shot of 40% hard liquor (vodka, rum, whisky, gin etc.) Template:Cvt glass of 12% wine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Costa Rica<ref name="IARD" />	8	10	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Croatia<ref name="IARD" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Denmark<ref name="Kalinowski2016" /><ref name="IARD" />	12	15.2	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Estonia<ref name="IARD" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Fiji<ref name="IARD" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Finland<ref>paihdelinkki.fi, How to use alcohol wisely</ref>	12	15.2	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
France<ref name="Kalinowski2016" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Georgia<ref name="IARD" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Germany<ref name="Kalinowski2016" /><ref name="Kenn dein Limit">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| 11 || 13.8 || {{#expr:Template:Round}} || Template:No || Standardglas defined as containing 10–12 g (central value used here)
Guyana<ref name="IARD" />	8	10	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Hong Kong<ref name="hongkongdh">Department of Health Alcohol and Health: Hong Kong Situation</ref>	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Hungary	17	21.5	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Iceland<ref name="Kalinowski2016" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 8 || 10 || {{#expr:Template:Round}} || Template:No || áfengiseining defined as 8 g but treated as equivalent to 10 mL
Ireland<ref name="Kalinowski2016" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Italy<ref name="Kalinowski2016" />	12	15.2	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No	unità standard defined as 12 g
Japan<ref name="WHO_AUDIT_EN">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="WHO_AUDIT_JA">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>|| 19.75 || 25 || {{#expr:Template:Round}} || Template:No || "Template:Nihongo". MHLW's conventional unit, based on 1 gō (unit) (approx. 180 mL) of sake.<ref name="JA_e-healthnet_unit"/>
Japan<ref name="WHO_AUDIT_JA" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes	"Template:Nihongo". Introduced around 2011 to align with the WHO AUDIT, and to avoid the conventional unit (20 g) giving a false impression of "minimum amount to drink".<ref name="JA_e-healthnet_unit">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sometimes also called "Template:Nihongo".<ref name="JA_UnitConfusion">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Latvia<ref name="IARD" />	12	15.2	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Luxembourg<ref name="IARD" />	10–12	12.7–15.2	{{#expr:Template:Round}}-{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Malta<ref name="IARD" />	8	10	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Mexico<ref name="IARD" />	10–13	12.7–16.5	{{#expr:Template:Round}}-{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Namibia<ref name="IARD" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Netherlands<ref name="IARD" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
New Zealand<ref name="Kalinowski2016" /><ref>New Zealand Food Safety Authority Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name=nzstandard>Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand (ALAC) What's in a Standard Drink</ref>	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
North Macedonia<ref name="IARD" />	14.2	18	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Norway	12.8	15	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Philippines<ref name="IARD" />	12	15.2	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Poland<ref name="Kalinowski2016" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Portugal<ref name="Kalinowski2016" />	11	13.8	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No	10–12 g (central value used here)
Russia<ref name="IARD" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines<ref name="IARD" />	14	17.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Seychelles<ref name="IARD" />	8	10	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Singapore<ref name="IARD" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Slovenia<ref name="IARD" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
South Korea<ref name="IARD" />	8	10	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Spain<ref name="Kalinowski2016" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Sweden	12	15.2	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Switzerland<ref name="Kalinowski2016" />	12	15.2	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:No
Taiwan (ROC)<ref name="IARD" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
Thailand<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	10	12.7	1	Template:Yes
Ukraine<ref name="IARD" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes
United Kingdom<ref name="Kalinowski2016" /><ref>PRODIGY Knowledge (Department of Health) Alcohol and Sensible Drinking Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name="NHS-HowLong">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 8 || 10 || {{#expr:Template:Round}} || Template:No || unit of alcoholTemplate:Efn defined as 10 mL but treated as equivalent to 8 g.<ref name="Drinkaware-Unit">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
United States<ref name="std.drink.us"/><ref name="Kalinowski2016" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 14 || 17.7 || {{#expr:Template:Round}} || Template:No || standard drink defined as Template:Cvt pure ethanol, approximately 14 g
Uruguay<ref name="IARD" />	10	12.7	{{#expr:Template:Round}}	Template:Yes

Calculation of pure alcohol by mass

It is possible to calculate the pure alcohol mass in a serving from the concentration, density of alcohol, and volume: <math display="block">\text{volume} \times \text{alcohol by volume} \times \text{density of alcohol} = \text{Pure alcohol mass}</math>

For example, a Template:Convert glass of beer with an ABV of 5.5% contains 19.525 ml of pure alcohol, which has a density of 0.78945 g/mL (at 20 °C),<ref name="Haynes.William"/> and therefore a mass of Template:Convert. <math display="block">355\,\mathrm{mL} \times 0.055 \times 0.78945\,\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{mL} \approx 15.41\,\mathrm{g}</math> or <math display="block">0.355\,\mathrm{L} \times 0.055 \times 789.45\,\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L} \approx 15.41\,\mathrm{g}</math>

When the drink size is in fluid ounces (which differ between the UK and the US), the following conversions can be used:

Country	Volume of fl. oz. (mL)	Mass of fl. oz. of alcohol (g)
UK	28.41	22.43
US	29.57	23.35

One should bear in mind that a pint in the UK is 20 imperial fluid ounces, whereas a pint in the US is 16 US fluid ounces, and that 1 imperial fl. oz. ≈ {{#expr: 28.4130625/29.5735295625 round 5}} US fl. oz.: this means that 1 imperial pint ≈ {{#expr: 28.4130625/29.5735295625*20/16 round 5}} US pints.

Calculation of units of alcohol by volume

Calculating alcoholic content in countries that use units of alcohol is straightforward, as the volume multiplied by the Alcohol by volume (ABV) gives the alcohol content. In the UK, one unit of alcohol equals one percentage point per litre, of any alcoholic beverage.

<math display="block">\text{volume (in litres)} \times \text{alcohol by volume (ABV)} = \text{alcohol content (units of alcohol)}</math>

The standard UK units of alcohol in a drink can be determined by multiplying the volume of the drink (expressed in litres) by its percentage ABV. For example, a standard Template:Convert bottle of wine at 12% ABV contains:

<math>\begin{align}

 0.75\mbox{ L} \times 12\% &= 9\mbox{ units}

\end{align}</math>

One UK standard measure of spirits (25ml, 0.025 L) at 40% ABV contains:

<math>\begin{align}

 0.025\mbox{ L} \times 40\%  &= 1\mbox{ unit}

\end{align}</math>

One imperial pint (568ml, 0.568 L) of beer at 4% ABV contains:

<math>\begin{align}

 0.568\mbox{ L} \times 4\%  &= 2.27\mbox{ units}

\end{align}</math>

In the UK, both volume and ABV are usually given on bottles, drinks menus and so on, and so are easy to retrieve.

Reference standard drinks

A standard drink is often different from a normal serving in the country in which it is served.<ref name="Mongan & Long">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> For example, in the United States, a standard drink is defined as Template:Convert of ethanol per serving, which is about 14 grams of alcohol.<ref name="std.drink.us">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>14 grams of alcohol is 0.6 US fluid ounces or ~18 mL. → Ethanol listed as 0.78945 g/mL @ 20°C (68°F), 0.6 US fl oz × 29.57 mL/US fl oz = 17.742 ml; 0.78945 g/mL × 17.742 mL = 14.006g</ref><ref name="Haynes.William">Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 3.246. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.</ref> This corresponds to a Template:Convert can of 5% beer, a Template:Convert glass of 12% ABV (alcohol by volume) wine, or a Template:Convert so-called "shot" of spirit,<ref name="std.drink.us"/> assuming that beer is 5% ABV, wine is 12% ABV, and spirits is 40% ABV (80 proof). Most wine today is higher than 12% ABV (the average ABV in Napa Valley in 1971 was 12.5%<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>), hence will be more than a standard drink. Similarly, although 40% ABV is standard for spirits, the amount of spirit in a mixed drink varies widely.

Beers

• Half an imperial pint Template:Convert of beer with 3.5% ABV contains almost exactly one UK unit; however, most beers are stronger. In pubs in the United Kingdom, beers generally range from 3.5 to 5.5% ABV, and continental lagers start at around 4% ABV. An imperial pint Template:Convert of such lager (at 5.2% ABV) contains almost 3 units of alcohol<ref>The volume of the drink in litres multiplied by its percentage strength in ABV give the number of units. In this case, Template:Nowrap; i.e., almost 3 units.</ref> rather than the oft-quoted 2 units.
• Stronger beer (6–12%) may contain 2 UK units or more per imperial half pint.
• A half-litre (500 ml) of standard lager or ale (5%) contains 2.5 UK units.
• One litre (1000 ml) of typical Oktoberfest beer (5.5–6%) contains 5.5–6 UK units of alcohol.
• A beer bottle is typically between Template:Convert, approximately 1.7 UK units at 5%.
• Template:Convert can of light beer (2.7% alcohol) = 0.8 Australian standard drinks
• Template:Convert can of mid-strength beer (3.5% alcohol) = 1 Australian standard drink
• Template:Convert can of full strength beer (4.8% alcohol) = 1.4 Australian standard drinks
• Template:Convert of 5% ABV beer = 1 US standard drink

Wines

File:Red Wine Glass.jpg

A large (250 ml) glass of 12% ABV red wine has about three UK units of alcohol. A medium (175 ml) glass has about two UK units.

• A "medium" glass (Template:Convert of 12% ABV wine contains around 2.1 units of alcohol. However, British pubs and restaurants often supply larger quantities (large glass ≈ Template:Convert), which contain 3 units. Red wines often have a higher alcohol content (on average 12.5%, sometimes up to 16%). Even though the sizes of wine glasses are defined in UK law, the terms large, medium, standard, etc. are not defined in law.
• A Template:Convert bottle of 12% ABV wine contains 9 units; 16% ABV wine contains 12 units; a fortified wine such as port at 20% ABV contains 15 units.
• Template:Convert glass of wine (13.5% alcohol) = 1 Australian standard drink
• Template:Convert glass of wine (13.5% alcohol) = 1.5 Australian standard drinks
• One Template:Convert glass of 12% ABV table wine is one US standard drink.

Fortified wines

• A small glass (Template:Convert) of sherry, fortified wine, or cream liqueur (≈20% ABV) contains about one unit.

Spirits

Most spirits sold in the United Kingdom have 35%-40% ABV. In England, a single pub measure (Template:Convert) of a spirit contains one unit. However, a larger Template:Convert measure is increasingly used (and in particular is standard in Northern Ireland<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>), which contains 1.4 units of alcohol at 40% ABV. Sellers of spirits by the glass must state the capacity of their standard measure in ml.

In Australia, a Template:Convert shot of spirits (40% ABV) is 0.95 standard drinks.

In the US, one shot of 80 proof liquor is Template:Convert, which is one US standard drink.

Mixed spirits and alcopops

• Template:Convert can of pre-mix spirits (approx. 5% alcohol) = 1.7 Australian standard drinks
• Template:Convert can pre-mix spirits (approx. 7% alcohol) = 2.4 Australian standard drinks
• According to Alcohol and You Northern Ireland resource website, "Most alcopops contain 1.1–1.5 units per bottle. For example, a normal Template:Convert bottle of WKD contains 1.1 units, whereas Bacardi Breezer and Smirnoff Ice both contain 1.5 units of alcohol."<ref name="% volume of wkd">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Recommended maximum

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

From 1992 to 1995, the UK government advised that men should drink no more than 21 units per week, and women no more than 14.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (The difference between the sexes was due to the typically lower weight and water-to-body-mass ratio of women).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Times claimed in October 2007 that these limits had been "plucked out of the air" and had no scientific basis.<ref>Drink limits ‘useless’, The Times, 20 October 2007 </ref>

This was changed after a government study showed that many people were in effect "saving up" their units and using them at the end of the week,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> a form of binge drinking. Since 1995 the advice was that regular consumption of 3–4 units a day for men, or 2–3 units a day for women, would not pose significant health risks, but that consistently drinking four or more units a day (men), or three or more units a day (women), is not advisable.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

An international study<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> of about 6,000 men and 11,000 women for a total of 75,000 person-years found that people who reported that they drank more than a threshold value of 2 units of alcohol a day had a higher risk of fractures than non-drinkers. For example, those who drank over 3 units a day had nearly twice the risk of a hip fracture.

Relation to blood alcohol content

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} As a rough guide, it takes about one hour for the body to metabolise (break down) one UK unit of alcohol, 10 ml (8 grams). However, this will vary with body weight, sex, age, personal metabolic rate, recent food intake, the type and strength of the alcohol, and medications taken. Alcohol may be metabolised more slowly if liver function is impaired.<ref name=NHS-HowLong/> For other countries, it may be easiest to convert to UK units. For example, in the United States one standard drink contains 14 grams ≈ 1.75 units of alcohol, and so a US standard drink takes the body about an hour and three-quarters to process. Blood alcohol content can more accurately be estimated by using Widmark's formula.<ref name=Ed>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Labeling

File:Example UK Wine Label.jpg

Example of Wine Bottle label in accordance with UK voluntary health labelling scheme

Australia introduced standard drink labelling in the 1990s,<ref name="VisibleLabels">Template:Cite journal</ref> and New Zealand followed with a labelling requirement starting in 2002.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The labels were criticized for being too small to read. A focus group study found that most student drinkers used the labels to choose stronger drinks and identify the cheapest method of getting drunk, rather than to drink safely.<ref name="VisibleLabels"/>

In the UK in March 2011, alcohol companies voluntarily pledged to the UK Department of Health to implement a health labelling scheme to provide more information about responsible drinking on alcohol labels and containers. The pledge stated:<ref name="DoH Pledge">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

"We will ensure that over 80% of products on shelf (by December 2013) will have labels with clear unit content, NHS guidelines and a warning about drinking when pregnant."

At the end of 2014, 101 companies had committed to the pledge labelling scheme.<ref name="DoH Pledge" />

There are five elements included within the overall labelling scheme, the first three being mandatory, and the last two optional:

1. Unit alcohol content per container (mandatory), and per serving (optional). Typical servings deliver 1–3 units of alcohol.<ref name="toomuch">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

1. Chief Medical Officer's daily guidelines for lower-risk consumption
2. Pregnancy warning (in text or as a graphic)
3. Mention of "drinkaware.co.uk" (optional)
4. Responsibility statement (e.g., "please drink responsibly") (optional)

Further detailed specifications about the labelling scheme are available from the "Alcohol labelling tool kit".<ref name="Health Labelling">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Drinks companies had pledged to display the three mandatory items on 80% of drinks containers on shelves in the UK off-trade by the end of December 2013.<ref name="Health Labelling" /> A report published in November 2014, confirmed that UK drinks producers had delivered on that pledge with a 79.3% compliance with the pledge elements as measured by products on shelf. Compared with labels from 2008 on a like-for-like basis, information on Unit alcohol content had increased by 46%; 91% of products displayed alcohol and pregnancy warnings (18% in 2008); and 75% showed the Chief Medical Officers' lower risk daily guidelines (6% in 2008).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Studies published in 2021 in the UK showed that the label could be further enhanced by including pictures of units and a statement of the drinking guidelines - this would help people understand the recommended limits better.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

See also

• Alcoholic spirits measure

External links

• Online converter between different countries' standard drinks and units
• Drinkaware
• NHS Choices: Drinking and alcohol
• NHS Choices: Alcohol unit calculator (archived 21 February 2015)
• Online alcohol demotivator calculator