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Carambola, also known as star fruit, is the fruit of Averrhoa carambola, a species of tree native to tropical Southeast Asia.<ref name="jm">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=cabi/><ref name="Gepts"/> The edible fruit has distinctive ridges running down its sides (usually 5–6).<ref name=jm/> When cut in cross-section, it resembles a star, giving it the name of star fruit.<ref name=jm/><ref name=cabi/> The entire fruit is edible, usually raw, and may be cooked or made into relishes, preserves, garnish, and juices.<ref name=jm/> It is commonly consumed in Southeast Asia, South Asia, the South Pacific, Micronesia, parts of East Asia, the United States, parts of Latin America, and the Caribbean. The tree is cultivated throughout tropical areas of the world.<ref name="cabi">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Carambola fruits contain oxalic acid and the neurotoxin caramboxin. Consuming large quantities of the fruit, especially for individuals with some types of kidney disease, can result in serious adverse health effects.
Origins and distributionEdit
The center of diversity and the original range of Averrhoa carambola is tropical Southeast Asia, where it has been cultivated over centuries.<ref name=jm/><ref name="Gepts">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Duke">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Arora">Template:Cite book</ref> It was introduced to the Indian Subcontinent and Sri Lanka by Austronesian traders, along with ancient Austronesian cultigens like langsat, noni, and santol.<ref name="Blench2009">Template:Cite book</ref> They remain common in those areas and in East Asia and throughout Oceania and the Pacific Islands.<ref name=jm/><ref name=cabi/> They are cultivated commercially in India, Southeast Asia, southern China, Taiwan, and the southern United States. They are also grown in Central America, South America, and the U.S. state of Hawaii, the Caribbean, and parts of Africa.<ref name=jm/><ref name=cabi/> They are grown as ornamentals.<ref name="jm"/> Carambola is considered to be at risk of becoming an invasive species in many world regions.<ref name=cabi/>
DescriptionEdit
The carambola tree has a short trunk with many branches, reaching up to Template:Cvt in height.<ref name=jm/> Its deciduous leaves are Template:Cvt long, with 5 to 11 ovate leaflets medium-green in color.<ref name=jm/> Flowers are lilac in color, with purple streaks, and are about Template:Cvt wide.
The showy fruits have a thin, waxy pericarp, orange-yellow skin, and crisp, yellow flesh with juice when ripe.<ref name=jm/> The fruit is about Template:Cvt in length and is an oval shape. It usually has five or six prominent longitudinal ridges.<ref name=jm/> In cross-section, it resembles a star.<ref name=jm/><ref name=cabi/> The flesh is translucent and light yellow to yellow in color. Each fruit can have 10 to 12 flat light brown seeds about Template:Cvt in width and enclosed in gelatinous aril. Once removed from the fruit, they lose viability within a few days.<ref name="crfg"/><ref name="crane">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="fi">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Like the closely related bilimbi, there are two main types of carambola: the small sour (or tart) type and the larger sweet type. The sour varieties have a higher oxalic acid content than the sweet type. A number of cultivars have been developed in recent years. The most common cultivars grown commercially include the sweet types "Arkin" (Florida), "Yang Tao" (Taiwan), "Ma fueng" (Thailand), "Maha" (Malaysia), and "Demak" (Indonesia) and the sour types "Golden Star", "Newcomb", "Star King", and "Thayer" (all from Florida). Some of the sour varieties like "Golden Star" can become sweet if allowed to ripen.<ref name=jm/><ref name="crfg">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="crane"/>
Common namesEdit
Carambola is known by many names across its regions of cultivation, including khế in Vietnam, balimbing in the Philippines, belimbing in Indonesia and Malaysia, ma fen in China, kamaranga in India, and carambolo in Spanish-speaking countries.<ref name=jm/><ref name=cabi/>
CulinaryEdit
Template:Nutritional value The entire fruit is edible, including the slightly waxy skin. The flesh is crunchy, firm, and extremely juicy.<ref name=cabi/> It does not contain fibers and has a texture similar in consistency to that of grapes. Carambolas are best consumed shortly after they ripen when they are yellow with a light shade of green, or just after all traces of green have disappeared. They will also have brown ridges at the edges and feel firm. Fruits picked while still slightly green will turn yellow in storage at room temperature, but will not increase in sugar content. Overripe carambola will be yellow with brown spots and can become blander in taste and soggier in consistency.<ref name="crane"/><ref name="buzzle">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Ripe sweet type carambolas are sweet without being overwhelming as they rarely have more than 4% sugar content. They have a tart, sour undertone. The taste is difficult to match, but it has been compared to a mix of apple, pear, grape, and citrus family fruits. Unripe star fruits are firmer and sour, and taste like green apples.<ref name="crfg"/><ref name="fg">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Ripe carambolas may also be used in cooking. In Southeast Asia, they are usually stewed in cloves and sugar, sometimes with apples. In China, they are cooked with fish. In Australia, they may be cooked as a vegetable, pickled, or made into jams. In Jamaica they are sometimes dried.<ref name="jm"/>
Unripe and sour type carambolas can be mixed with other chopped spices to make relishes in Australia.<ref name="jm"/> In the Philippines, unripe carambolas are eaten dipped in rock salt.<ref name="mm">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Thailand, they are cooked together with shrimp.<ref name="jm"/>
The juice from carambolas is also used in iced drinks, particularly the juice of the sour varieties. In the Philippines, they can be used as a seasoning. In India, the juice is bottled for drinking.<ref name="jm"/>
NutritionEdit
Raw carambola is 91% water, 7% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and has negligible fat (table). A 100-gram reference amount of raw fruit supplies Template:Convert of food energy and a rich content of vitamin C (41% of the Daily Value), with no other micronutrients in significant content (table).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Health risksEdit
Carambolas contain caramboxin<ref name="auto">Template:Cite journal</ref> and oxalic acid.<ref name=jm/><ref name="muthu">Template:Cite journal</ref> Both substances are harmful to individuals suffering from kidney failure, kidney stones, or those under kidney dialysis treatment.<ref name=muthu/> Consumption by those with kidney failure can produce hiccups, vomiting, nausea, mental confusion, and sometimes death.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Neto2003">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Caramboxin is a neurotoxin which is structurally similar to phenylalanine, and is a glutamatergic agonist.<ref name="auto"/>
Drug interactionsEdit
Like the grapefruit, carambola is considered to be a potent inhibitor of seven cytochrome P450 isoforms.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Potential Drug-Food Interactions with Pomegranate Juice Template:Webarchive</ref> These enzymes are significant in the first-pass elimination of many medications, and, thus, the consumption of carambola or its juice in combination with certain prescription medications can significantly increase their effective dosage within the body.
CultivationEdit
The carambola is a tropical and subtropical fruit which can be grown at elevations up to Template:Convert. It prefers full sun exposure, but requires enough humidity and annual rainfall of at least Template:Convert.<ref name=jm/><ref name=cabi/> It does not have a soil type preference, but will thrive in loam and requires good drainage.<ref name=jm/> Moderate irrigation supports its growth during dry seasons.<ref name=jm/> Heavy rains may inhibit fruit production.<ref name=jm/>
Carambola trees are planted at least Template:Convert from each other and typically are fertilized three times a year. The tree grows rapidly and typically produces fruit at four or five years of age. The large amount of rain during spring actually reduces the amount of fruit, but, in ideal conditions, carambola can produce from Template:Convert of fruit a year. The carambola tree flowers throughout the year, with main fruiting seasons from April to June and October to December in Malaysia,<ref name="ippc">Template:Cite book</ref> for example, but fruiting also occurs at other times in some other locales, such as South Florida.<ref name=jm/><ref name="crane"/>
Growth and leaf responses of container-grown 'Arkin' carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) trees to long-term exposure of 25%, 50%, or 100% sunlight showed that shading increased rachis length and leaflet area, decreased leaflet thickness, and produced more horizontal branch orientation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Major pests are carambola fruit flies, fruit moths, ants, and birds.<ref name=jm/><ref name="crfg"/><ref name="ippc"/> Crops are also susceptible to frost.<ref name="crfg"/>
Top producers of carambola in the world market include Australia, Guyana, India, Israel, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and the United States.<ref name="crane"/> Malaysia is a global leader in star fruit production by volume and ships the product widely to Asia and Europe.<ref name="ippc"/> Due to concerns over pests and pathogens, however, whole star fruits cannot yet be imported to the US from Malaysia under current United States Department of Agriculture regulations. In the United States, carambolas are grown in tropical and semitropical areas, including parts of Florida and Hawaii.<ref name="jm"/><ref name="bilj">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the United States, commercial cultivation and broad consumer acceptance of the fruit only date to the 1970s, attributable to Morris Arkin, a backyard horticulturalist, in Coral Gables, Florida. The 'Arkin' variety represented 98% of the acreage in South Florida in the early 21st century.<ref name="knight">Template:Cite journalTemplate:Dead link</ref>
In popular cultureEdit
The trees are also grown as ornamentals for their abundant brightly colored and unusually shaped fruits, as well as for their attractive dark green leaves and their lavender to pink flowers.<ref name="crane"/>
Like the bilimbi, the juice of the more acidic sour types can be used to clean rusty or tarnished metal (especially brass) as well as bleach rust stains from cloth. They may also be used as a mordant in dyeing.<ref name="jm"/>
The farming video game Stardew Valley allows the player to cultivate and grow carambola,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> in this setting known as "starfruit". They are the most valuable crop in the game. The in-game icon erroneously depicts the fruit as resembling its real-life cross-section, and the plant itself as a single-harvest crop instead of a tree.
The Filipino word for the starfruit, balimbing, due to its many-faced shape, has acquired the meaning in Philippine political discourse of a turncoat, someone who switches political allegiances not out of principle but for their own self-interest.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>