Streptophyta

Streptophyta (Template:IPAc-en), informally the streptophytes (Template:IPAc-en, from the Greek strepto 'twisted', for the morphology of the sperm of some members), is a clade of plants. The composition of the clade varies considerably between authors, but the definition employed here includes land plants and all green algae except the Chlorophyta and the more basal Prasinodermophyta.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Classifications

The composition of Streptophyta and similar groups (Streptophytina, Charophyta) varies in each classification.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Citation needed Some authors include only the Charales and Embryophyta (e.g., Streptophyta,<ref name=Jeffrey1967/><ref name=Adletal2012>Template:Cite journal</ref> Streptophytina<ref name="Lewis&McCourt-2004"/>); others include more groups (e.g., Charophyta,<ref name="Lewis&McCourt-2004"/><ref name=Adletal2012/> Streptophyta,<ref name=Bremer1985>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Leliaert-2012>Template:Cite journal</ref> Streptobionta<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>); some authors use this broader definition, but exclude the Embryophyta (e.g., Charophyta,<ref name="Cavalier-Smith1993">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Leliaert-2012/> CharophyceaeTemplate:Citation needed, StreptophycophytesTemplate:Citation needed).

The clade Streptophyta includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms. Streptophyta contains the freshwater charophyte green algae and all land plants that reproduce sexually by conjugation. Mesostigma viride, a unicellular green flagellate alga may be a basal Streptophyte.<ref name=Liang2020>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Nedelcu2006>Template:Cite journal</ref>

These earlier classifications have not taken into account that the Coleochaetophyceae and the Zygnemophyceae appear to have emerged in the Charophyceae + Embryophyta clade, resulting in the synonymy of the Phragmoplastophyta and Streptophytina/Streptophyta sensu stricto (a.k.a. Adl 2012<ref name=Adletal2012/>) nomenclature.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Jeffrey, 1967<ref name=Jeffrey1967/>

• Streptophyta
  • Charales
  • Embryophyta

Lewis & McCourt 2004<ref name="Lewis&McCourt-2004"/>

• Division Charophyta (charophyte algae and embryophytes)
  • Class Mesostigmatophyceae (mesostigmatophytes)
  • Class Chlorokybophyceae (chlorokybophytes)
  • Class Klebsormidiophyceae (klebsormidiophytes)
  • Class Zygnemophyceae (conjugates)
    • Order Zygnematales (filamentous conjugates and saccoderm desmids)
    • Order Desmidiales (placoderm desmids)
  • Class Coleochaetophyceae (coleochaetophytes)
    • Order Coleochaetales
  • Subdivision Streptophytina
    • Class Charophyceae (same as the Smith system, 1938)
      • Order Charales (charophytes sensu stricto)
    • Class Embryophyceae (embryophytes)

Leliaert et al. 2012<ref name=Leliaert-2012/>

• Streptophyta
  • charophytes
    • Mesostigmatophyceae
    • Chlorokybophyceae
    • Klebsormidiophyceae
    • Charophyceae
    • Zygnematophyceae
    • Coleochaetophyceae
  • Embryophyta (land plants)

Adl et al. 2012<ref name=Adletal2012/>

• Archaeplastida Adl et al. 2005Template:Citation needed
  • Chloroplastida Adl et al. 2005 (Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981)
    • Chlorophyta Pascher 1914, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004<ref name="Lewis&McCourt-2004"/>
    • Charophyta Migula 1897,Template:Citation needed emend. Karol et al. 2009 (Charophyceae Smith 1938, Mattox & Stewart 1984)
      • Chlorokybus Geitler 1942Template:Citation needed
      • Mesostigma Lauterborn 1894Template:Citation needed
      • Klebsormidiophyceae van den Hoek et al. 1995Template:Citation needed
      • Phragmoplastophyta Lecointre & Guyander 2006Template:Citation needed
        • Zygnematophyceae van den Hoek et al. 1995, emend. Hall et al. 2009Template:Citation needed
        • Coleochaetophyceae Jeffrey 1982Template:Citation needed
        • Streptophyta Jeffrey 1967<ref name=Jeffrey1967/>
          • Charophyceae Smith 1938, emend. Karol et al. 2009 (Charales Lindley 1836; Charophytae Engler 1887)Template:Citation needed
          • Embryophyta Engler 1886, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004<ref name="Lewis&McCourt-2004"/> (Cormophyta Endlicher 1836; Plantae Haeckel 1866)Template:Citation needed

Adl et al. 2019

• Archaeplastida Adl et al. 2005Template:Citation needed
  • Chloroplastida Adl et al. 2005Template:Citation needed (Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981)Template:Citation needed
    • Phylum Streptophyta [Charophyta]
      • Chlorokybus atmophyticus
      • Mesostigma viridae
      • Family Klebsomidiophyceae
      • Class Phragmoplastophyta
        • Family Zygnemataceae
        • Order Coleochaetophyceae
        • Family Characeae
        • Kingdom Embryophyta

Phylogeny

Below is a reconstruction of Streptophyta relationships, based on genomic data.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Template:Clade Streptofilum, described in 2018,<ref>Template:AlgaeBase genus</ref> appears to bring in a new branching.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

External links

• The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view Template:Webarchive
• The closest land plants relatives