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Template:Transliteration
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Tajikistan,Template:Efn officially the Republic of Tajikistan,Template:Efn is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Dushanbe is the capital and most populous city. Tajikistan borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. It is separated from Pakistan by Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor. It has a population of over 10.7 million people.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The territory was previously home to cultures of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, including the Oxus civilization in west, with the Indo-Iranians arriving during the Andronovo culture. Parts of country were part of the Sogdian and Bactrian civilizations, and was ruled by those including the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, the Greco-Bactrians, the Kushans, the Kidarites and Hephthalites, the First Turkic Khaganate, the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, the Samanid Empire, the Kara-Khanids, Seljuks, Khwarazmians, the Mongols, Timurids and Khanate of Bukhara. The region was later conquered by the Russian Empire, before becoming part of the Soviet Union. Within the Soviet Union, the country's borders were drawn when it was part of Uzbekistan as an autonomous republic before becoming a constituent republic of the Soviet Union on 5 December 1929.<ref>Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 39–40</ref>
On 9 September 1991, Tajikistan declared itself an independent sovereign state as the Soviet Union was disintegrating. A civil war was fought after independence, lasting from May 1992 to June 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. The country has been led since 1994 by Emomali Rahmon, who heads an authoritarian regime and whose human rights record has been criticised.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Tajikistan is a presidential republic consisting of four provinces. Tajiks form the ethnic majority in the country,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and their national language is Tajik.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Russian is used as the official inter-ethnic language.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While the state is constitutionally secular, the Islamic religion is nominally adhered to by 97.5% of the population. In the Gorno-Badakhshan oblast, there is a linguistic diversity where Rushani, Shughni, Ishkashimi, Wakhi, and Tajik are some of the languages spoken. Mountains cover more than 90% of the country. It is a developing country with a transitional economy that is dependent on remittances and on the production of aluminium and cotton. Tajikistan is a member of the United Nations, CIS, OSCE, OIC, ECO, SCO, CSTO, and a NATO PfP partner.
EtymologyEdit
Template:Anchor {{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The term "Tajik" itself ultimately derives from the Middle Persian Tāzīk, the Turkic rendition of the Arabic ethnonym Ṭayyi’, denoting a Qahtanite Arab tribe who emigrated to the Transoxiana region of Central Asia in the 7th century AD.<ref>Ali Shir Nava'i Muhakamat al-lughatain tr. & ed. Robert Devereaux (Leiden: Brill) 1966 p6</ref> Tajikistan appeared as Tadjikistan or Tadzhikistan in English prior to 1991. This is due to a transliteration from the Template:Langx. In Russian, there is no single letter "j" to represent the phoneme Template:Ipa, and therefore Template:Script, or dzh, is used. Tadzhikistan is the alternate spelling and is used in English literature derived from Russian sources.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
While the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan found it difficult to definitively state the origins of the word "Tajik" because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranic peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia,"<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">A Country Study: Tajikistan, Ethnic Background Template:Webarchive. Library of Congress Call Number DK851. K34 (1997)</ref> scholars concluded that contemporary Tajiks are the descendants of the Eastern Iranic inhabitants of Central Asia, in particular, the Sogdians and the Bactrians and possibly other groups.<ref>Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan : country studies Template:Webarchive Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, page 206</ref><ref>Richard Foltz, A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East, London: Bloomsbury, 2019, pp. 33–61.</ref><ref>Richard Nelson Frye, "Persien: bis zum Einbruch des Islam" (original English title: "The Heritage Of Persia"), German version, tr. by Paul Baudisch, Kindler Verlag AG, Zürich 1964, pp. 485–498</ref> In later works, Richard Frye expands on the complexity of the historical origins of the Tajiks. In a 1996 publication, Frye explains that "factors must be taken into account in explaining the evolution of the peoples whose remnants are the Tajiks in Central Asia" and that "the peoples of Central Asia, whether Iranic or Turkic speaking, have one culture, one religion, one set of social values and traditions with only language separating them."<ref name=frey96>Template:Cite book</ref>
Regarding Tajiks, the Encyclopædia Britannica states:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
The Tajiks are the direct descendants of the Iranic peoples whose continuous presence in Central Asia and northern Afghanistan is attested from the middle of the first millennium BC. The ancestors of the Tajiks constituted the core of the ancient population of Khwārezm (Khorezm) and Bactria, which formed part of Transoxania (Sogdiana). Over the course of time, the eastern Iranic dialect that was used by the ancient Tajiks eventually gave way to Tajiki.<ref>Tajikistan: History Template:Webarchive Britannica Online Encyclopedia</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
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HistoryEdit
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Cultures in the region have been dated back to at least the fourth millennium BC, including the Bronze Age Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, the Andronovo cultures and the pro-urban site of Sarazm, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BC when most, if not all, of Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> Some authors have suggested that in the seventh and sixth centuries BC parts of Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of the Hindu Kambojas tribe<ref>Scholars have located the Kamboja realm on the southern side of the Hindu Kush ranges in the Kabul, Swat, and Kunar Valleys, and the Parama-Kambojas in the territories on the north side of the Hindu Kush in Pamir and Badakhshan region in Tajikistan. See: Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 11–13, Moti Chandra – India; Geographical Data in the Early Purāṇas: A Critical Study, 1972, p 165/66, M. R. Singh</ref><ref>Dr Buddha Prakash maintains that, based on the evidence of Kalidasa's Raghuvamsha, Raghu defeated the Hunas on river Vamkshu (Raghu vamsha 4.68), and then he marched against the Kambojas (4.69–70). These Kambojas were of Iranian affinities who lived in Pamirs and Badakshan. Xuanzang calls this region Kiumito which is thought to be Komdei of Ptolemy and Kumadh or Kumedh of Muslim writers (See: Studies in Indian History and Civilization, Agra, p 351; India and the World, 1964, p 71, Dr Buddha Prakash; India and Central Asia, 1955, p 35, P. C. Bagch).</ref> before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire.<ref>See: The Deeds of Harsha: Being a Cultural Study of Bāṇa's Harshacharita, 1969, p 199, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala; Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, p 118, Dr J. C. Vidyalankara; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī – Kamboja (Pakistan).</ref> After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scytho-Siberians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BC. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141 BC–87 BC) commercial relations between Han Empire and Sogdiana flourished.<ref>C. Michael Hogan, "Silk Road, North China", The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham Template:Webarchive. Megalithic.co.uk. Retrieved on 20 January 2017.</ref><ref>Shiji, trans. Burton Watson</ref> Sogdians played a role in facilitating trade and worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers.<ref>Frances Wood (2002) The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. University of California Press. p. 66. Template:ISBN.</ref>
The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century AD and ruled until the fourth century AD during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were practised in the region.<ref name="Congress Call Number DK851?">Tajikistan Template:Webarchive. loc.gov.</ref> Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region, and the Arabs disseminated Islam in the eighth century.<ref name="Congress Call Number DK851?" />
Samanid EmpireEdit
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The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara, which became the cultural centers of Iran; the region was known as Khorasan. The empire was centered in Khorasan and Transoxiana; at its greatest extent encompassing Afghanistan, parts of Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, parts of Kazakhstan, and Pakistan.
Four brothers Nuh, Ahmad, Yahya, and Ilyas founded the Samanid state. Each of them ruled territory under Abbasid suzerainty. In 892, Ismail Samani (892–907) united the Samanid state under one ruler, thus putting an end to the feudal system used by the Samanids. It was under him that the Samanids became independent of Abbasid authority.
The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponded approximately with what later would be Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan, and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999 and 1211.<ref name=encyclo>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Their arrival in Transoxania signalled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia,<ref name="svat">Template:Cite book</ref> and gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region.<ref>ilak-khanids Template:Webarchive: Iranica. accessed May 2014.</ref>
In the 13th century, the Mongol Empire swept through Central Asia, invaded the Khwarezmian Empire and sacked its cities, looting and massacring people. Turco-Mongol conqueror Tamerlane founded the Timurid Empire, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty in and around what later became Tajikistan and Central Asia.<ref name="auto"/>
Bukharan ruleEdit
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What later became Tajikistan fell under the rule of the Khanate of Bukhara during the 16th century and, with the empire's collapse in the 18th century, it came under the rule of the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. The Emirate of Bukhara remained intact until the 20th century.
Imperial RussiaEdit
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During the 19th century, for the second time in world history, a European power (the Russian Empire) began to conquer parts of the region.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885, Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
During the 19th century, the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. While the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian, the Russians viewed the movement as a threat because the Russian Empire was predominantly Christian.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand over the threat of forced conscription during World War I. While Russian troops brought Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan. <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Soviet periodEdit
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After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in an attempt to maintain independence.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite news</ref> The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population suppressed.
Between 1928 and 1941, Soviet authorities started an anti-religious campaign of secularization. Practising Christianity, Islam, or Judaism was discouraged and repressed; due to the Soviet anti-religious legislation, several churches, mosques, and synagogues were closed.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture policies, Central Asia, Tajikistan included, underwent a famine that claimed lives.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan,<ref name="auto"/> and in 1929 the Tajikistan Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajikistan SSR, Таджикская ССР) was made a separate constituent republic;<ref name="auto"/> the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1927 and 1934, collectivization of agriculture and an expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region.<ref name="countrystudies.us">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against farmers and peasants, classified as anti-Soviet categories of "enemies of the people", and forced resettlement occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought collectivization and revived the Basmachi movement. Some industrial development occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure.<ref name="countrystudies.us" />
Two rounds of Stalin's purges (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan.<ref name="The Purges 1996">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary.<ref name="The Purges 1996"/> Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bobojon Ghafurov, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946 to 1956, was the only Tajik politician of significance outside of the republic during the Soviet Era.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Red Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Nazi Germany, Finland, and the Empire of Japan. Between 60,000 (4%)<ref>Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzaheh (2010) Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan, 2nd ed. p. 383. Template:ISBN.</ref> and 120,000 (8%)<ref>Vadim Erlikman (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke. Moscow. pp. 23–35. Template:ISBN</ref> of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Following the war and the end of Stalin's reign, attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During 1957–58 Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR,<ref>Boris Rumer (1989) Soviet Central Asia: A Tragic Experiment, Unwin Hyman, London. p. 126. Template:ISBN.</ref> the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups,<ref>Statistical Yearbook of the USSR 1990, Goskomstat, Moscow, 1991, p. 115 Template:In lang.</ref> and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people.<ref>Statistical Yearbook of the USSR 1990, Goskomstat, Moscow, 1991, p. 210 Template:In lang.</ref>
By the 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990. The following year, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence on 9 September 1991, a day which is celebrated as the country's Independence Day.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
IndependenceEdit
Template:Multiple image In February 1990, riots and strikes in Dushanbe and other cities began due to the difficult socio-economic situation, lack of housing, and youth unemployment.<ref name="auto"/> The nationalist and democratic opposition and supporters of independence joined the strikes and began to demand the independence of the republic and democratic reforms. Islamists began to hold strikes to demand respect for their rights and independence. The Soviet leadership introduced Internal Troops in Dushanbe to eliminate the unrest.<ref name="auto"/>
Following independence, the nation fell into civil war among factions distinguished by clan loyalties.<ref name="United Nations">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Regional groups from the Gharm and Gorno-Badakhshan regions of Tajikistan. led by a combination of liberal democratic reformers<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Islamists, who eventually became the United Tajik Opposition, rose up against the newly formed government of President Rahmon Nabiyev, which was dominated by people from the Khujand and Kulob regions.
The war lasted until 1997. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution and increased poverty, seeking better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country.<ref name="United Nations" />
Emomali Rahmon came to power in the early part of this conflict in 1992,<ref name="auto"/> after Nabiyev was forced at gunpoint on 7 September 1992 to resign from office.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rahmon defeated former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of Gerd D. Merrem,<ref name="auto"/> Special Representative to the Secretary General, a result praised as a successful United Nations peacekeeping initiative. The ceasefire guaranteed 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Elections were held in 1999 and were criticised by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair; Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote.<ref name="auto"/> Elections in 2006 were again won by Rahmon (with 79% of the vote) and he began his third term in office. Opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) criticised it, while observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States claimed the elections were legal and transparent.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Rahmon's administration came under further criticism from OSCE in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Russia continues to maintain a base on the outskirts of Dushanbe.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> followed by fighting outside Gharm that left three militants dead. The country's Interior Ministry insisted that the central government maintained full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Fighting erupted again, this time in and around Gorno-Badakhshan, in July 2012.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2015, Russia sent more troops to Tajikistan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In May 2015, Tajikistan's national security underwent a setback when Colonel Gulmurod Khalimov, commander of the special-purpose police unit (OMON) of the Interior Ministry, defected to the Islamic State.<ref name="auto"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Khalimov was allegedly killed on 8 September 2017 during a Russian airstrike near Deir ez-Zor, Syria,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> although Tajikistan authorities express doubts whether he has died.
In 2021, following the Fall of Kabul, Tajikistan allegedly got involved in the Panjshir conflict against the Taliban on the side of the National Resistance Front of Afghanistan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In September 2022 armed clashes, including the use of artillery, erupted along most of the border between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PoliticsEdit
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After independence, Tajikistan was plunged into a civil war. Factions were supported by foreign countries including Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Russia. Russia and Iran focused on keeping peace in the warring nation to decrease the chances of U.S. or Turkish involvement. Russia backed the pro-government faction and deployed troops from the Commonwealth of Independent States to guard the Tajikistan-Afghan border.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> All but 25,000 of the more than 400,000 ethnic Russians, who were mostly employed in industry, fled to Russia. By 1997, the war had ended after a peace agreement between the government and the Islamist-led opposition, a central government began to take form, with peaceful elections in 1999.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
"Longtime observers of Tajikistan often characterize the country as profoundly averse to risk and skeptical of promises of reform, a political passivity they trace to the country's ruinous civil war," Ilan Greenberg wrote in a news article in The New York Times before the country's November 2006 presidential election.<ref name=greenberg>Greenberg, Ilan, "Media Muzzled and Opponents Jailed, Tajikistan Readies for Vote", The New York Times, 4 November 2006 (article dateline 3 November 2006), page A7, New York edition</ref>
The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomali Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. Elections in February 2010 saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."<ref name="economistchange" /><ref name="BBC2010election" /> The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.<ref name="economistchange">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="BBC2010election">Template:Cite news</ref>
The Tajik government has reportedly clamped down on facial hair as part of a crackdown on Islamic influence and due to its perceived associations with Islamic extremism, which is evident in bordering Afghanistan.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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The presidential election held on 6 November 2006 was boycotted by "mainline" opposition parties, including the 23,000-member Islamic Renaissance Party. Four remaining opponents "all but endorsed the incumbent", Rahmon.<ref name=greenberg />
Freedom of the press is officially guaranteed by the government, and independent press outlets remain restricted, as does an amount of web content.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access to local and foreign websites is blocked, and journalists are sometimes obstructed from reporting on some events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is suppressed and denied coverage in the local media.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the 2020 Democracy Index by the Economist Intelligence Unit, Tajikistan was ranked 160th, after Saudi Arabia, while receiving the designation of "authoritarian regime".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Tajikistan, signed a joint letter to UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang region.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In October 2020, President Emomali Rahmon was re-elected for another seven-year term with 90% of the vote, following a largely ceremonial election.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In April 2021, a conflict over water with Kyrgyzstan escalated into one of the border clashes between the two countries since independence.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In July 2021, Tajikistan appealed to members of a Russian-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) of ex-Soviet states for help in dealing with security challenges emerging from neighboring Afghanistan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The safety concerns emerged as foreign troops such as the US and British army exited the country, causing over 1,000 Afghan civilians and servicemen to flee to neighboring Tajikistan after Taliban insurgents took control of parts of Afghanistan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
GeographyEdit
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Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° N, and longitudes 67° and 75° E. It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and most of the country is over Template:Convert above sea level. The areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley.
| Mountain | Height | Location | ||
| Ismoil Somoni Peak (highest) | 7,495 m | 24,590 ft | Template:NbspNorth-western edge of Gorno-Badakhshan (GBAO), south of the Kyrgyz border | |
| Ibn Sina Peak (Lenin Peak) | 7,134 m | 23,537 ft | Template:NbspNorthern border in the Trans-Alay Range, north-east of Ismoil Somoni Peak | |
| Peak Korzhenevskaya | 7,105 m | 23,310 ft | Template:NbspNorth of Ismoil Somoni Peak, on the south bank of Muksu River | |
| Independence Peak (Revolution Peak) | 6,974 m | 22,881 ft | Template:NbspCentral Gorno-Badakhshan, south-east of Ismoil Somoni Peak | |
| Academy of Sciences Range | 6,785 m | 22,260 ft | Template:NbspNorth-western Gorno-Badakhshan, stretches in the north–south direction | |
| Karl Marx Peak | 6,726 m | 22,067 ft | Template:NbspGBAO, near the border to Afghanistan in the northern ridge of the Karakoram Range | |
| Garmo Peak | 6,595 m | 21,637 ft | Template:NbspNorthwestern Gorno-Badakhshan. | |
| Mayakovskiy Peak | 6,096 m | 20,000 ft | Template:NbspExtreme south-west of GBAO, near the border to Afghanistan. | |
| Concord Peak | 5,469 m | 17,943 ft | Template:NbspSouthern border in the northern ridge of the Karakoram Range | |
| Kyzylart Pass | 4,280 m | 14,042 ft | Template:NbspNorthern border in the Trans-Alay Range | |
The Amu Darya and Panj rivers mark the border with Afghanistan, and the glaciers in Tajikistan's mountains are the source of runoff for the Aral Sea. There are over 900 rivers in Tajikistan longer than 10 kilometres.
Administrative divisionsEdit
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Tajikistan consists of four administrative divisions. These are the provinces (viloyat) of Sughd and Khatlon, the autonomous province of Gorno-Badakhshan (abbreviated as GBAO), and the Regions of Republican Subordination (RRP – Raiony Respublikanskogo Podchineniya in transliteration from Russian or NTJ – Ноҳияҳои тобеи ҷумҳурӣ [Nohiyahoi tobei jumhurii] in Tajik). Each region is divided into districts (Template:Langx, nohiya or raion), which in turn are subdivided into jamoats (village-level self-governing units) and then villages (qyshloqs). Template:As of, there were 58 districts and 367 jamoats in Tajikistan.<ref name=pop2008 />
| Division | ISO 3166-2 | Map No | Capital | Area (km2)<ref name=pop2008>Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January 2008, State Statistical Committee, Dushanbe, 2008 Template:In lang</ref> | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sughd | TJ-SU | 1 | Khujand | 25,400 | 2,658,400 | |
| Region of Republican Subordination | TJ-RR | 2 | Dushanbe | 28,600 | 2,122,000 | |
| Khatlon | TJ-KT | 3 | Bokhtar | 24,800 | 3,274,900 | |
| Gorno-Badakhshan | TJ-GB | 4 | Khorugh | 64,200 | 226,900 | |
| Dushanbe | Dushanbe | 124.6 | 846,400 |
BiodiversityEdit
Tajikistan contains five terrestrial ecoregions: Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe, Gissaro-Alai open woodlands, Pamir alpine desert and tundra, Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert, and Paropamisus xeric woodlands.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">Template:Cite journal</ref>
EconomyEdit
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In 2019, nearly 29% of Tajikistan's GDP came from immigrant remittances (mostly from Tajiks working in Russia).<ref>World Bank Data Template:Webarchive Accessed 6 June 2021. Link goes to current data.</ref><ref>"Remittance man Template:Webarchive". The Economist. 7 September 2013.</ref><ref name="youtube.com">Tajikistan: Building a Democracy (video) Template:Webarchive, United Nations, March 2014</ref> With foreign revenue precariously dependent upon remittances from migrant workers overseas and exports of aluminium and cotton, the economy is vulnerable to external shocks. In fiscal year 2000, international assistance remained an essential source of support for rehabilitation programs that reintegrated former civil war combatants into the civilian economy, which helped keep the peace. International assistance was necessary to address the second year of drought that resulted in a continued shortfall of food production. On 21 August 2001, the Red Cross announced that a famine was striking Tajikistan, and called for international aid for the country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In January 2012, 680,152 of the people living in Tajikistan were living with food insecurity. Out of those, 676,852 were at risk of Phase 3 (Acute Food and Livelihoods Crisis) food insecurity, and 3,300 were at risk of Phase 4 (Humanitarian Emergency). Those with the highest risk of food insecurity were living in the Murghob District of GBAO.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The malnutrition rate in Tajikistan will reach 30% in 2023 according to the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP). As in the rest of Central Asia, soils are deteriorating and water resources are diminishing, particularly as a result of climate change.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Tajikistan's economy grew after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This "improved" Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers.<ref name="usstate2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company – the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world.<ref name="expert.ru2">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek Dam, the second highest dam in the world.<ref name="dams2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Russia's RAO UES has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008.<ref name="vesti2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="todayenergy2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power plant that, at a projected height of Template:Convert, would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion.<ref name="irna2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="rferl12">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A planned project, CASA-1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan. The total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on Public-Private Partnership basis with the support of WB, IFC, ADB and IDB. The project cost is estimated to be around US$865 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Other energy resources include coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2014 Tajikistan was the world's most remittance-dependent economy with remittances accounting for 49% of GDP and expected to fall by 40% in 2015 due to the economic crisis in the Russian Federation.<ref name="eurasianet.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tajik migrant workers abroad, mainly in the Russian Federation, have become the main source of income for millions of Tajikistan's people<ref name="wb-note32">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and with the 2014–2015 downturn in the Russian economy the World Bank warned that numbers of Tajik men would return home and face "few" economic prospects.<ref name="eurasianet.org" />
According to some estimates about 47% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totalled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without "substantial and protracted" recourse to aid, and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labour.<ref name="imf3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played a role as 1 of the drivers of Tajikistan's economic growth during the past years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped reduce poverty.<ref name="wb-policynote2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Drug trafficking is an illegal source of income in Tajikistan<ref>MEET THE STANS – episodes 3&4: Uzbekistan and Tajikistan Template:Webarchive, BBC, 2011</ref> as it is a transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is raised locally for the domestic market.<ref name="Silk2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> With the increasing assistance from international organisations, such as UNODC, and co-operation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved.<ref name="edm12">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006).<ref name=CIA /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are involved in the drug trade.<ref name="Silk2" /> UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.<ref name="fight2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Besides Russia, China is one of the economic and trade partners of Dushanbe. Tajikistan belongs to the group of countries associated with Chinese investment within the Belt and Road Initiative.<ref>Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2019) "China's Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia Template:Webarchive", in Fanny M. Cheung and Ying-yi Hong (eds) Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The Prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation. London: Routledge, pp. 115–133.</ref>
TransportationEdit
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As a landlocked country, Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and build a Template:Cvt highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the eastern part of the country.<ref name="pak">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2012, the presidents of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways, and oil, gas, and water pipelines to connect the three countries.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
RailEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The railroad system totals only Template:Convert of track,<ref name=CIA /> all of it Template:RailGauge broad gauge. The principal segments are in the southern region and connect the capital with the industrial areas of the Hisor and Vakhsh valleys and with Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Russia.<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> Most international freight traffic is carried by train.<ref name="tajikistanmission.ch">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Bokhtar–Kulob railway connected the Kulob District with the central area of the country.<ref name="tajikistanmission.ch" />
AirEdit
In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters.
RoadsEdit
The total length of roads in the country is 27,800 kilometres. Automobiles account for more than 90% of the total volume of passenger transportation and more than 80% of domestic freight transportation.<ref name="tajikistanmission.ch" />
In 2004 the Tajik–Afghan Friendship Bridge between Afghanistan and Tajikistan was built, improving the country's access to South Asia. The bridge was built by the United States.<ref name=usace>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:As of highway and tunnel construction projects are underway or have been completed. Projects include rehabilitation of the Dushanbe – Chanak (Uzbek border), Dushanbe – Kulma (Chinese border), and Kurgan-Tube – Nizhny Pyanj (Afghan border) highways, and construction of tunnels under the mountain passes of Anzob, Shakhristan, Shar-Shar<ref>Shar-Shar auto tunnel links Tajikistan to China Template:Webarchive, The Template:Convert Shar-Shar car tunnel linking Tajikistan and China opened to traffic on 30 Aug.., Siyavush Mekhtan, 3 September 2009</ref> and Chormaghzak.<ref>Payrav Chorshanbiyev (12 February 2014) Chormaghzak Tunnel renamed Khatlon Tunnel and Shar-Shar Tunnel renamed Ozodi Tunnel Template:Webarchive. news.tj</ref> These were supported by international donor countries.<ref name="tajikistanmission.ch" /><ref>Trade, tunnels, transit and training in mountainous Tajikistan Template:Webarchive. fco.gov.uk (7 May 2013)</ref>
DemographicsEdit
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| CitationClass=web
}}</ref>Template:UN Population | |
| Year | Million |
|---|---|
| 1926 | 0.83 |
| 1950 | 1.5 |
| 2000 | 6.2 |
| Template:UN Population | {{#expr:Template:UN Population/1e6 round 1}} |
In 2023, Tajikistan was estimated to have a population of 10,389,799 as per the World Bank data.<ref name="worldbankpop">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Tajiks who speak Tajik are the main ethnic group, while there are minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration,<ref>Russians left behind in Central Asia Template:Webarchive, Robert Greenall, BBC News, 23 November 2005.</ref> making Tajikistan the only country in Central Asia to have a minority of Turkic people, and instead a majority of Iranic people.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a population of Yaghnobi people, and a minority of Ismailis are considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. Citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis.<ref name=CIA />
In 1989, ethnic Russians in Tajikistan made up 7.6% of the population; by 1998 the proportion had reduced to approximately 0.5% following the Tajikistani Civil War which had displaced the majority of ethnic Russians. Following the end of the war, Russian emigration continued.<ref>Tajikistan – Ethnic Groups Template:Webarchive. Source: U.S. Library of Congress.</ref> The ethnic German population of Tajikistan has declined due to emigration: having topped at 38,853 in 1979, it has "almost vanished" since the collapse of the Soviet Union.<ref>Russian-Germans in Tajikistan Template:Webarchive. Pohl, J. Otto. "Russian-Germans in Tajikistan", Neweurasia, 29 March 2007.</ref>
The Tajiks are the principal ethnic group in most of Tajikistan, and in northern and western Afghanistan,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and there are more Tajiks in Afghanistan than in Tajikistan. Tajiks are a minority in Uzbekistan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> About 2.4 million Tajik citizens were officially registered in Russia in 2021.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
LanguagesEdit
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The official languages of Tajikistan are Tajik as the state language and Russian as the interethnic language, as understood in Article 2 of the Constitution: "The state language of Tajikistan shall be Tajik. Russian shall be the language of international communication."<ref name="auto1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The state (national) language (Template:Langx, Template:Langx) of the Republic of Tajikistan is Tajik, which is written in the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet. Millions of native Tajik speakers live in neighboring Uzbekistan and in Russia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
According to article 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan,<ref name="auto1"/> Russian is recognized as the second official language of Tajikistan; the official language of inter-ethnic communication (Template:Langx; Template:Langx) in the country.<ref name="RIA-RU">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="lenta.ru/news/2011/06/09">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Approximately 90% of the population of Tajikistan speaks Russian at varying levels.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The varieties of Russian spoken in Tajikistan are referred to by scholars as Tajik(istani) Russian<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and it shares some similarities with Uzbek(istani) Russian, such as morphological differences and lexical differences such as the use of word урюк<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> for a wild apricot or кислушка for rhubarb.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>
Both Russian and Tajik speakers in the country use the following words in common in addressing unfamiliar people and acquaintances.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
| Tajikistani Russian | Standard Russian | English translation |
|---|---|---|
| апа | старшая сестра | older sister |
| ака | старший брат | older brother |
| хола | тетя | aunt |
| янга | жена брата, невестка | daughter-in-law; sister-in-law |
The "highly educated" part of the population of Tajikistan, and the intelligentsia, prefer to speak Russian and Persian, the pronunciation of which in Tajikistan is called the "Iranian style".<ref name="RFE/RL">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="RIA-RU"/><ref name="lenta.ru/news/2011/06/09"/>
Native Uzbek speakers live in the north and west of Tajikistan. In fourth place (after Tajik, Russian and Uzbek) by number of native speakers are Pamir languages, whose native speakers live in Kuhistani Badakshshan Autonomous Region. The majority of Zoroastrians in Tajikistan speak one of the Pamir languages. Native speakers of the Kyrgyz language live in the north of Kuhistani Badakshshan Autonomous Region. Yagnobi language speakers live in the west of the country. The Parya language of local Romani people (Central Asian Gypsies) is spoken in Tajikistan. Tajikistan has communities of native speakers of Persian, Arabic, Pashto, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Tatar, Turkmen, Kazakh, Chinese, and Ukrainian.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EmploymentEdit
In 2009 nearly 1 million Tajiks worked abroad (mainly in Russia).<ref>Deployment of Tajik workers gets green light Template:Webarchive. Arab News. 21 May 2007.</ref> More than 70% of the female population lives in traditional villages.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
ReligionEdit
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Tajikistan is a secular state with a constitution providing for freedom of religion, but nevertheless it heavily regulates the practices of its Muslim majority.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognised by the government since 2009.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The government has declared two Islamic holidays, Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, as state holidays. According to a US State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. Approximately 87–95% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly 7% are non-denominational Muslims.<ref>Pew Forum on Religious & Public life, Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation Template:Webarchive retrieved 29 October 2013.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Shia part of the population predominantly live in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region and are followers of the Ismailite branch of Shia Islam.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. Muslims fast during Ramadan, while about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
As of January 2016, as part of an "anti-radicalisation campaign", police in the Khatlon region reportedly shaved the beards of 13,000 men and shut down 160 shops selling the hijab. Shaving beards and discouraging women from wearing hijabs is part of a government campaign targeting trends that are deemed "alien and inconsistent with Tajik culture", and "to preserve secular traditions".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a combatant in the 1992–1997 Civil War and then-proponent of the creation of an Islamic state in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute. Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir, a militant Islamic party which aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups that do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in fines and closure of a place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain.<ref>TAJIKISTAN: Religious freedom survey, November 2003 Template:Webarchive -Forum 18 News Service, 20 November 2003</ref> People under the age of 18 are barred from public religious practice.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Approximately 1.6% of the population in Tajikistan is Christian, mostly Orthodox Christians.<ref name="pewforum.org">Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050 | Pew Research Center Template:Webarchive. Pewforum.org (2 April 2015). Retrieved on 20 January 2017.</ref><ref name="globalreligiousfutures.org">Tajikistan – Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project Template:Webarchive. Globalreligiousfutures.org. Retrieved on 20 January 2017.</ref> The territory of Tajikistan is part of the Dushanbe and Tajikistan Diocese of the Central Asian Metropolitan District of the Russian Orthodox Moscow Patriarchate. The country is home to communities of Catholics, Armenian Christians, Protestants, Lutherans, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baptists, Mormons, and Adventists.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Bukharan Jews had lived in Tajikistan since the second century BC. In the 1940s, the Jewish community of Tajikistan numbered nearly 30,000 people. Most were Persian-speaking Bukharan Jews who had lived in the region for millennia along with Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe who resettled there in the Soviet era. As of 2011, the Jewish population was estimated at less than 500, with roughly half living in Dushanbe.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HealthEdit
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The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Public expenditure on health was at 1% of the GDP in 2004.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Life expectancy at birth was estimated to be 69 years in 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The infant mortality rate was approximately 30.42 deaths per 1,000 children in 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref> In 2014, there were 2.1 physicians per 1,000 people, higher than any other low-income country after North Korea.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Tajikistan has experienced a decrease in per capita hospital beds since 1992 following the dissolution of the USSR, while the number remains at 4.8 beds per 1,000 people, above the world average of 2.7.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
According to the World Bank, 96% of births are attended by skilled health staff, rising from 66.6% in 1999.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2010, the country experienced an outbreak of polio that caused more than 457 cases of polio in both children and adults and resulted in 29 deaths before being brought under control.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the summer of 2021, coronavirus ravaged the country, and the Tajik president's sister reportedly died in a hospital of COVID-19. According to local media, the president's sister's sons physically assaulted the health minister and a senior doctor.<ref>Dixon, Robyn. After the Tajik president's sister died of covid, her sons beat up the country's top health officials. Template:Webarchive Washington Post 27 August 2021.</ref>
In 2023, according to the World Health Organization, Tajikistan received its certification, declaring its status as a malaria-free country.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EducationEdit
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An estimated 99.8% of the population of Tajikistan have the ability to read and write.<ref name=CIA />
Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education and the government planned to implement a 12-year system in 2016.<ref name="scholaro.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> There is a number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University, which has 76 departments in 15 faculties,<ref name="scholaro.com" /> Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik National University, and other institutions. Universities were established during the Soviet Era. Template:As of tertiary education enrollment was 17%, below the sub-regional average of 37%,<ref name="unicef.org">Education in Tajikistan Template:Webarchive. unicef.org</ref> while higher than any other low-income country after Syria.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tajiks left the education system due to "low" demand in the labour market for people with "extensive" educational training or professional skills.<ref name="unicef.org" />
Public spending on education was relatively constant between 2005–2012 and fluctuated from 3.5% to 4.1% of GDP<ref>Tajikistan, Public spending on education, total (% of GDP) Template:Webarchive World Bank</ref> below the OECD average of 6%.<ref name="unicef.org" /> The United Nations reported that the level of spending was "severely inadequate to meet the requirements of the country's high-needs education system."<ref name="unicef.org" />
According to a UNICEF-supported survey, about 25% of girls in Tajikistan fail to complete compulsory primary education because of poverty and gender bias,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while literacy is "generally high" in Tajikistan.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org" /> Estimates of out of school children range from 4.6% to 19.4% with the majority being girls.<ref name="unicef.org" />
In September 2017, the University of Central Asia launched its second campus in Khorog, Tajikistan, offering majors in Earth & Environmental Sciences and Economics.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tajikistan was ranked 107th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Science in the territory of Tajikistan achieved "success" in the Middle Ages, and scientific organizations were created in the Soviet period. During the period of independence, the scientific sphere has experienced a "crisis": the annual number of patent applications for inventions decreased in 1994–2011 from 193 to 5.<ref>Султанова Л. Ш., Айдинова М. А. Значение канала трансфера новых технологий для Узбекистана // Актуальные вопросы современной науки. — 2014. — № 1 (2,3). — С. 87.</ref> A contribution to science is made by universities, where in 2011 6707 researchers worked, of which 2450 had academic degrees.<ref>Шарипов М. М. Роль вузов в формировании и развитии инновационной экономики в Республике Таджикистан // Современные проблемы науки и образования. — 2014. — № 6. — С. 627.</ref>
CultureEdit
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The Tajik language is the mother tongue of around 80% of the citizens of Tajikistan. Urban centers in Tajikistan include Dushanbe (the capital), Khujand, Kulob, Panjakent, Bokhtar, Khorugh and Istaravshan. There are Uzbek, Kyrgyz and Russian minorities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Yaghnobi people live in areas of northern Tajikistan. The estimated number of Yaghnobis is about 25,000. Forced migrations in the 20th century decimated their numbers. They speak the Yaghnobi language, which is the only direct descendant of the Sogdian language.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Tajikistan artisans created the Dushanbe Tea House, which was presented in 1988 as a gift to the sister city of Boulder, Colorado.<ref>The Dushanbe-Boulder tea house. boulder-dushanbe.org</ref>
In the country, especially among women from the indigenous population, the wearing of traditional national clothing is preserved. The seamstresses and embroiderers of regions of Tajikistan use factory fabrics and local needlework embroidery for home decoration and women's clothing. The practice of Chakan embroidery is preserved among women in certain areas, passing the knowledge down from one generation to the next.<ref name="Chakan Embroidery">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SportEdit
The national sport of Tajikistan is gushtigiri, a form of wrestling.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Another sport is buzkashi, a game played on horseback, like polo. Buzkashi may be played as an individual sport and as a team sport. The aim of the game is to grab a 50 kg dead goat, ride clear of the other players, get back to the starting point and drop it in a designated circle. It is played at Nowruz celebrations.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
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Tajikistan has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games and four Winter Olympic Games since gaining independence and has enjoyed limited success.Template:Efn The country's best results have come in the hammer throw, with Andrey Abduvaliyev and Dilshod Nazarov each winning gold in the men's event in 1992 and 2016 respectively (albeit with Abduvaliyev participating as part of the Unified Team). Tajikistan's highest medal haul at an Olympic Games came in the 2024 Summer Olympics, where its athletes won three medals.
The Tajikistan Football Federation is the governing body of football in Tajikistan. While neither the men's nor the women's teams have qualified for a World Cup, the men's side qualified for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup, in which they unexpectedly reached the quarter finals.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The men's team participated in the AFC Challenge Cup on four occasions, winning the inaugural edition in 2006.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The women's side has twice participated in the CAFA Women's Championship, finishing third in the 2018 edition and hosting the tournament in 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Tajikistan Cricket Federation was formed in 2012 as the governing body for the sport of cricket in Tajikistan. It was granted affiliate membership of the Asian Cricket Council in the same year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2008, rugby union was officially registered with the Ministry of Justice, and there are three men's clubs.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>
Khorugh, capital of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, is the location of highest altitude where bandy has been played.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Tajikistan has one ski resort, called Safed Dara (formerly Takob), near the town of Varzob.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
- 2006 Tajikistan earthquake
- Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan
- Central Asian Union
- Foreign relations of Tajikistan
- Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
- Ittihodi Scouthoi Tojikiston
- List of cities in Tajikistan
- LGBT rights in Tajikistan
- Mount Imeon
- Outline of Tajikistan
- Russian Turkistan
- Mass media in Tajikistan
- Yaghnob Valley
- Tajikistani Civil War
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
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Further readingEdit
- Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzadeh, Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan, 3rd. ed., Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.
- Shirin Akiner, Mohammad-Reza Djalili and Frederic Grare, eds., Tajikistan: The Trials of Independence, Routledge, 1998.
- Richard Foltz, A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East, London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019.
- Robert Middleton, Huw Thomas and Markus Hauser, Tajikistan and the High Pamirs, Hong Kong: Odyssey Books, 2008 (Template:ISBN).
- Nahaylo, Bohdan and Victor Swoboda. Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities problem in the USSR (1990) excerpt
- Kirill Nourdhzanov and Christian Blauer, Tajikistan: A Political and Social History, Canberra: ANU E-Press, 2013.
- Rashid, Ahmed. The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism? (2017)
- Smith, Graham, ed. The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union (2nd ed. 1995)
- Monica Whitlock, Land Beyond the River: The Untold Story of Central Asia, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003.
- Poopak NikTalab. Sarve Samarghand (Cedar of Samarkand), continuous interpretation of Rudaki's poems, Tehran 2020, Faradid Publications {Introduction}
- Sharma, Raj Kumar, "Food Security and Political Stability in Tajikistan", New Delhi, Vij Books, 2018.
External linksEdit
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GovernmentEdit
- Presidency – official website of the president of Tajikistan
- National Assembly – official website of the National Assembly of Tajikistan
- Assembly of Representatives – official website of the Assembly of Representatives of Tajikistan
- Statistics – official website of Agency on Statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan
TourismEdit
- Travel Tajikistan – Tajikistan's official tourism portal
MapsEdit
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