{{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Infobox river The Tapajós (Template:Langx {{#invoke:IPA|main}}) is a river in Brazil. It runs through the Amazon Rainforest and is a major tributary of the Amazon River. When combined with the Juruena River, the Tapajós is approximately Template:Cvt long.<ref name=fao /> It is one of the largest clearwater rivers,<ref name=Duncan /> accounting for about 6% of the water in the Amazon basin.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
CourseEdit
For most of its length the Tapajós runs through Pará State, but the upper (southern) part forms the border between Pará and Amazonas State. The source is at the Juruena–Teles Pires river junction.<ref name=fao /> The Tapajós River basin accounts for 6% of the water in the Amazon Basin, making it the fifth largest in the system.<ref name=FEW>Hales, J., and P. Petry (2013). Tapajos – Juruena. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</ref>
From the lower Arinos River (a tributary of Juruena) to the Maranhão Grande falls are a more or less continuous series of formidable cataracts and rapids; but from the Maranhão Grande to the mouth of Tapajós, about Template:Convert, the river can be navigated by large vessels.<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref>
For its last Template:Convert it is between Template:Convert wide and much of it very deep. The valley of the Tapajós is bordered on both sides by bluffs. They are from Template:Convert high along the lower river; but a few miles above Santarém, they retire from the eastern side and do not approach the Amazon floodplain until some miles below Santarém.Template:Citation needed
GeographyEdit
The eastern border of Amazônia National Park is formed by the Tapajós River. From Itaituba and southwest a part of the Parque Nacional do Jacaré Branco e Azulado and the follows the river, while a part of Parque Nacional do Mico Verde de Olhos Azuis runs parallel to the river from Santarém and south.Template:Citation needed
The South American pole of inaccessibility is located close to the sources of Tapajós's tributaries, near Utiariti.Template:Citation needed
The Tapajós is named after the Tapajós people, an extinct group of indigenous people from Santarém.Template:Citation needed
EcologyEdit
The Tapajós is one of three major clearwater rivers in the Amazon Basin (the others are Xingu and Tocantins; the latter arguably outside the Amazon).<ref name=Duncan>Duncan, W.P.; and Fernandes, M.N. (2010). Physicochemical characterization of the white, black, and clearwater rivers of the Amazon Basin and its implications on the distribution of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes, Potamotrygonidae). PanamJAS 5(3): 454-464.</ref><ref name=Giovanetti>Giovanetti, T.A.; and Vriends, M.M. (1991). Discus Fish, p. 15. Barron's Educational Serie. Template:ISBN</ref> Clearwater rivers share the low conductivity and relatively low levels of dissolved solids with blackwater rivers, but differ from these in having water that at most only is somewhat acidic (typical pH ~6.5)<ref name=Duncan /> and very clear with a greenish colour.<ref name=Giovanetti /> Although most of the tributaries in the Tapajós basin also are clearwater, there are exceptions, including the blackwater Braço Norte River (southeastern Serra do Cachimbo region).<ref name=Ohara2017>Ohara, W.M.; Mirande, J.M.; & Lima, F.C.T.d. (2017). Phycocharax rasbora, a new genus and species of Brazilian tetra (Characiformes: Characidae) from Serra do Cachimbo, rio Tapajós basin. PLoS ONE 12(2): e0170648.</ref> About 325 fish species are known from the Tapajós River basin, including 65 endemics.<ref name=GRP>The Great Rivers Partnership: Tapajós River Basin. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</ref> Many of these have only been discovered within the last decade, and a conservative estimate suggests more than 500 fish species eventually will be recognized in the river basin.<ref name=GRP />
Proposed damsEdit
The fish, along with many other endemic species of flora and fauna are threatened by the Tapajós hydroelectric complex dams that are planned on the river.<ref name="GRP" /> The largest of those projects is the São Luiz do Tapajós Dam, whose environmental licensing process has been suspended – not yet cancelled – by IBAMA due to its expected impacts on indigenous and river communities.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It would flood a part of the area of the Sawré Muybu Indigenous Territory. Another is the planned 2,338 MW Jatobá Hydroelectric Power Plant.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> A third dam, the controversial Chacorão Dam, would flood a large area of the Munduruku Indigenous Territory.<ref name=Fearnside426 />
The dams are part of a plan to convert the Tapajos into a waterway for barges to take soybeans from Mato Grosso to the Amazon River ports. A continuous chain of dams, with locks, would eliminate today's rapids and waterfalls.<ref name=Fearnside426>Template:Citation</ref> The Washington Post has referred to this issue as the next battle over saving the Amazon as a result of its controversy involving Indigenous communities, the Brazilian government, large multinationals and international environmental organizations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In popular cultureEdit
The river is the sixth title of the album Aguas da Amazonia.Template:Citation needed
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Heinsdijk, Dammis, and Ricardo Lemos Fróes. Description of Forest-Types on "Terra Firme" between the Rio Tapajós and the Rio Xingú in the Amazon Valley. 1956.