Teeko
Teeko is an abstract strategy game invented by John Scarne in 1937 and rereleased in refined form in 1952 and again in the 1960s. Teeko was marketed by Scarne's company, John Scarne Games Inc.; its quirky name, he said, borrowed letters from the games Tic-tac-toe, Chess, Checkers, and Bingo.<ref name="Eskin">Template:Cite news</ref>
Standard TeekoEdit
Standard Teeko is also known as Teeko 44 Positions and is a game for two players.<ref name=encyc-73/>Template:Rp
EquipmentEdit
The Teeko board consists of twenty-five spaces arranged in a five-by-five grid. There are eight markers, four black and four red; in the final edition of the game (1964),<ref name=Eskin/> the markers are marked with one to four spots similar to the standard pips on dice.<ref name=encyc-73/>Template:Rp
One player, "Black" plays the black markers, and the other, "Red", plays the red.<ref name=encyc-73>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
GameplayEdit
One player conceals two pawns in their closed hands, one of each color. The other player selects one hand and plays the color that is revealed.<ref name=encyc-73/>Template:Rp
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- Black moves first and places one marker on any space on the board, with the exception of the central spot on the board.<ref name=encyc-73/>Template:Rp
- Red then places a marker on any unoccupied space.
- Players continue to take turns placing markers on empty spaces until all eight markers are on the board.
- Once all eight pieces are on the board, if neither player has won after this initial "drop" placement phase, then they move their pieces one at a time, with Black playing first.
- A piece may be moved only to an empty space adjacent to its starting space, meaning adjacent horizontally, vertically, or diagonally, as indicated by the connecting lines on the board.
ObjectiveEdit
The object of the game is for either player to win by having all four of their markers in a straight line (vertical, horizontal, or diagonal) or on a square of four adjacent spaces.<ref name=encyc-73/>Template:Rp Adjacency is horizontal, vertical, or diagonal, but does not wrap around the edges of the board. The 44 positions name comes from the number of ways in which four in a row or the small square can be created.
| Vertical | Horizontal | Diagonal | Square | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | File:Teeko board win VL.svg | File:Teeko board win HL.svg | File:Teeko board win DG.svg | File:Teeko board win SQ.svg |
| Ways to form | 10 | 10 | 8 | 16 |
If a player wins by completing four-in-a-row or a small square, the score for the game is based on the pip value of the last marker placed or moved to win, and the position of that last marker on the board.<ref name=encyc-73/>Template:Rp When the last marker is played onto the center or one of the four corners of the board, the player receives a bonus of four points in addition to the pip value; plays into one of the other 20 spots on the board receive just the pip value with no bonus.<ref name=encyc-73/>Template:Rp
AnalysisEdit
The rules, as summarized above, are very simple, but the strategy is complicated enough to fill a book, Scarne on Teeko (1955).<ref name="Scarne">Template:Cite book</ref> Nonetheless, Guy L. Steele Jr. solved the game (i.e., showed what must occur if both players play perfectly) via computer in 1998 and found neither player can force a win.<ref name="Epstein"/> Steele also showed that the Advanced Teeko variant is a win for Black (again, assuming perfect play), as is one other variant, but the other fourteen variants are draws.<ref name="Epstein">Template:Cite book</ref>
Variations and historyEdit
According to Scarne, the idea for Teeko started when he devised a winning strategy for Nim; since it had sixteen distinct starting moves, it was relatively easy to memorize how to counter each one; to solve this issue, he later developed the game Scarne in the early 1930s to have 252 distinct starting positions, which later was withdrawn and rereleased as Scar-Nee (1950) and Scarney (1961).<ref name=OddsAgainst>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Scarne had 5000 copies of Scarne printed in 1934 but only sold 300 after a month of live demonstrations at Macy's; to prevent his mother from learning it was not successful, he destroyed the remainder by fire.<ref name=Eskin/><ref name=OddsAgainst/>Template:Rp
At about the same time that he released the initial version of Scarne, Scarne also started examining the game of tic-tac-toe, which has nine starting moves, and began developing what would eventually become Teeko.<ref name=OddsAgainst/>Template:Rp When it was released initially in 1945, the game was named Teko and used a 4×4 board.<ref name=Eskin/> The name Teko is derived from the letters "T" from Tic-tac-toe, "E" from chEss, "K" from checKers, and "O" from bingO.<ref name=OddsAgainst/>Template:Rp The game received its updated name of Teeko in the 1950s, and Scarne released the final version in 1964.<ref name=OddsAgainst/>Template:Rp
To promote the game, Scarne held a challenge in 1955 to play Teeko against ten different opponents, promising US$1000 to each player that could take two out of three rounds from him, which received attention from newspapers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Scarne ended up winning all ten matches, but did not receive publicity for this feat afterward.<ref name=Eskin/> After the final version of the game was released, the inventory was destroyed during a fire at the company that was hired to store and distribute the products of John Scarne Games, and Teeko fell into relative obscurity.<ref name=Eskin/>
| 9-cell square | 16-cell square | 25-cell square | Small diamond | Large diamond | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | File:Teeko board win SQ09.svg | File:Teeko board win SQ16.svg | File:Teeko board win SQ25.svg | File:Teeko board win DM05.svg | File:Teeko board win DM13.svg |
| Ways to form | 9 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 1 |
There are sixteen variations of Teeko which have slightly different rules, with the primary variants being Alternate Teeko and Advanced Teeko.<ref name="Scarne" /> All sixteen are outlined in Scarne on Teeko; the rules above are for "Standard Teeko" (or "Teeko"). In Alternate Teeko, the opponent may dictate where a piece is placed during the opening "drop" phase; i.e., when it is Black's turn to place a new piece, Red can either point to where the piece should go, or pass the privilege back to Black. This alternate rule may be applied to one, two, three, or all four pieces placed by an opponent during the drop phase, for the first or last of the dropped pieces, which gives seven distinct variations. For example, in the "One-Move Alternate" variant, the 1st drop is played by Alternate rules followed by the 2nd through 4th drops played with Standard rules, denoted as 1A/3S; the other variants are "Two-Move Alternate" (2A/2S), "Three-Move Alternate" (3A/1S), "Alternate" (4A), "One-Move Standard" (1S/3A), "Two-Move Standard" (2S/2A), and "Three-Move Standard" (3S/1A).<ref name="Scarne" />
Advanced Teeko adds more winning conditions, including "extended" 9-, 16-, or 25-cell squares for 58 winning positions in total (Teeko 58 Positions)<ref name=Scarne/> or small or large right-angle diamond / rhombus shapes.<ref name=OddsAgainst/>Template:Rp In Advanced Teeko, players may choose an additional variation in which they are awarded bonus points for creating the extended shapes, as there are fewer ways to make them.<ref name=Scarne/>
Steele showed that Advanced Teeko is a win for Black (assuming, again, that both players play perfectly), as is one other variation, but the other fourteen are draws.<ref name="Scarne" />