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Ternopil

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Ternopil,Template:Efn known until 1944 mostly as Tarnopol, is a city in western Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret River. Ternopil is one of the major cities of Western Ukraine and the historical regions of Galicia and Podolia. The population of Ternopil was estimated at Template:Ua-pop-est2022

The city is the administrative center of Ternopil Oblast (region), as well as of surrounding Ternopil Raion (district) within the oblast. It hosts the administration of Ternopil urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.<ref name="admreform_2020_ternopil">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

HistoryEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

File:Jan Amor Tarnowski.PNG
Jan Amor Tarnowski, founder of Tarnopol

The city was founded in 1540 by Polish commander and Hetman Jan Amor Tarnowski.<ref name="500ofTern">Template:Webarchive</ref> Its Polish name, Tarnopol, means 'Tarnowski's city' and stems from a combination of the founder's family name and the Greek term polis.<ref name="OSW">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The city served as a military stronghold and castle<ref name=500ofTern/> protecting the eastern borders of Polish Kingdom from Tatar raids. On 15 April 1540,<ref name="500ofTern" /> the King of Poland, Sigismund I the Old,<ref name="500ofTern" /> in Kraków gave Tarnowski permission to establish Tarnopol,<ref name="500ofTern" /> near Sopilcze (Sopilche).<ref name="500ofTern" /> In 1570, the city passed to the Ostrogski family,<ref name=500ofTern/> and in 1623 to the Zamoyski family.<ref name=500ofTern/> During the Khmelnytsky Uprising, many residents of the city joined the ranks of the Cossack forces.<ref name=hvacukr>Template:Cite news</ref> During the 1672–1676 Polish–Ottoman War, Tarnopol was almost completely destroyed by Turkish forces of Ibrahim Shishman Pasha in 1675, then rebuilt by Aleksander Koniecpolski.<ref name=hvacukr/>

In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, the city came under Austrian rule. In 1809, after the War of the Fifth Coalition, the city came under Russian rule, incorporated into the newly created Ternopol krai, but in 1815 returned to Austrian rule in accordance with the Congress of Vienna. In 1870 Tarnopol was connected by railway with Lemberg.

During World War I, the city passed from German and Austro-Hungarian forces to Russia several times. In 1917, the city and its castle were burned down by fleeing Russian forces.<ref name=500ofTern/> After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the city was proclaimed as part of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on 11 November 1918. After Polish forces captured Lwów during the Polish-Ukrainian War, Tarnopol became the country's temporary capital.<ref name=Zunr/> After the act of union between the West Ukrainian Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic, Ternopil formally became part of the UPR. On 15 July 1919, the city was captured.<ref name=Zunr> The Jewish and German population accepted the new Ukrainian state, but the Poles started a military campaign against the Ukrainian authority [...] On November 11, 1918 following bloody fighting, the Polish forces captured Lwów. The government of the WUPR moved to Ternopol and from the end of December the Council and the Government of the WUPR were located in Stanislaviv.
Template:In lang West Ukrainian People's Republic in the "Dovidnyk z istoriï Ukraïny" (A hand-book on the History of Ukraine), 3-Volumes, Kyiv, 1993–1999, Template:ISBN (t. 1), Template:ISBN (t. 2), Template:ISBN (t. 3).</ref> by Polish forces. In July and August 1920, the Red Army captured Ternopil in the course of the Polish-Soviet War, and the city served as the capital of the short-lived Galician Soviet Socialist Republic. Under the terms of the Riga treaty, the area remained under Polish control.

File:Kostel Ternopil.jpg
The Church of St. Mary of the Perpetual Assistance was demolished after World War II.

As a consequence of the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, Ternopil was incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic as part of Ternopol Oblast.

On 2 July 1941, the city was occupied by the Nazis. Between then and July 1943, 10,000 Jews were killed by Nazi Germans with the help of ukrainian militia,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and another 6,000 were rounded up and sent to Belzec extermination camp. A few hundred others went to labor camps. During most of this time Jews lived in the Tarnopol Ghetto.<ref name="sztetl.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Many Ukrainians were sent as forced labour to Germany. Following the act of restoration of the Ukrainian state, proclaimed by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in Lviv on 30 June 1941, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) was active in the Ternopil region and battled for the independence of Ukraine, opposing the Polish underground Armia Krajowa and People's Army of Poland as well as the Nazis and the Soviets. In 1942 the Germans operated the Stalag 323 prisoner-of-war camp for French POWs in the city.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During the Soviet offensive in March and April 1944, the city was almost completely destroyed by Soviet artillery.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It was occupied by the Red Army on 15 April 1944. After the second Soviet occupation, 85% of the city's living quarters were destroyed.<ref name="500ofTern" />

Following the Potsdam Conference in 1945, Poland's borders were redrawn and Ternopil was incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. The ethnic Polish population of the area was forcibly deported to postwar Poland.<ref name="Ciesielski">Template:Cite book</ref> In the following decades, Ternopil was rebuilt in a typical Soviet style and only a few buildings were reconstructed.

Following the fall of the Soviet Union, Ternopil became part of independent Ukraine, as a city of regional significance. On 31 December 2013, the 11th Artillery Brigade, the descendant of artillery units that had been based in the city since 1949, was disbanded.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2020, as part of the administrative reform in Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three, the city was merged into Ternopil Raion.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

During the Russo-Ukrainian War, Ternopil was struck by Russian missiles on 13 May 2023, minutes before Ternopil natives Tvorchi performed at the Eurovision Song Contest 2023.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

GeographyEdit

ClimateEdit

Ternopil has a moderate continental climate with cold winters and warm summers. Template:Weather box

DemographicsEdit

File:Ternopil', 2 Kaminna Str..jpg
School No. 5 (former girls' school of St. Jadwiga in Ternopil

Template:Historical populationsAccording to the 2001 Ukrainian census, Ternopil city and Ternopil Oblast are homogeneously populated by ethnic Ukrainians. Both Ternopil city and Ternopil Oblast are also homogeneously Ukrainian-speaking.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} </ref>

National breakdown of Ternopil Oblast (total population 1,138,500):

  • Ukrainians: 1,113,500 (97.8%)
  • Russians: 14,250 (1.2%)
  • Poles: 3,800 (0.3%)

Native languages in Ternopil:

According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in 2023, 98% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home and 1% spoke Russian.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Full citation needed

EconomyEdit

File:Залізничний вокзал (м.Тернопіль).jpg
Ternopil railway station

Ternopil is a centre for the light industry, food industry, radio-electronic and construction industries. In the Soviet and early post-Soviet period, a harvester plant and a porcelain factory operated in the city.

TransportEdit

Ternopil is an important railway hub with connections to most major railway stations of Ukraine. The city lies on the M12 international highway connecting western and central regions of Ukraine. Trolleybus lines and a bus station are active in the city. Water transport operates on Ternopil artificial lake mostly for tourist purposes. An airport was opened for civilian traffic in 1985, but ceased commercial operations in 2010.

Higher educationEdit

File:ТДМУ - Кафедра гістології та ембріології - Дослідження даних електронного мікроскопа - 16118427.jpg
Teachers of Ternopil State Medical University.

Universities include:

Main sightsEdit

File:Тернопольский академический областной украинский драматический театр имени Т. Г. Шевченко, август 2021 г..jpg
Ternopil Drama Theater

Notable peopleEdit

File:Kleeberg.jpg
Franciszek Kleeberg

Template:See also

File:Stecko.jpg
Yaroslav Stetsko

SportEdit

  • Olga Babiy (born 1989), Ukrainian chess player and Woman Grandmaster
  • Petr Badlo (born 1976), Ukrainian football manager and former footballer with 470 club caps
  • Olha Maslivets (born 1978), Russian windsurfer who competed at four Summer Olympics
  • Ihor Semenyna (born 1989), Ukrainian football midfielder with 330 club caps

People from Ternopil OblastEdit

File:Solomiya Krushelnytska.jpg
Solomiya Krushelnytska

Lived in TernopilEdit

  • Sofia Yablonska (1907-1971), Ukrainian-French travel writer, photographer and architect
  • Les Kurbas (1887-1937), Ukrainian theatre director and actor, founder of the first Ukrainian theatre in Ternopil

International relationsEdit

Template:See also

File:Den-mista-2014-prapor-EU-3430.jpg
Mayor of Ternopil awarded with a Council of Europe flag by a PACE member during a ceremony in 2014

Ternopil is twinned with:

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Former twin towns include:

Stadium naming controversyEdit

File:City-Stadium-Ternopil-5090.jpg
City stadium of Ternopil

In 2021, Ternopil created international outrage, especially in the Jewish community, by deciding to name a city stadium in honor of Nazi collaborator Roman Shukhevych.<ref name=":1Piotrowski">Template:Cite book</ref> Shukhevych was the military leader of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army during World War II and was known for his collaboration with the Nazi regime<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref name=":02stad" /> as well as his responsibility for the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia. As a result, the City Council of Tarnów decided to suspend its partnership with Ternopil.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Joel Lion, the Israeli Ambassador to Ukraine, expressed Israel’s strong objection to the city's choice to name the stadium in honor of Roman Shukhevych. Lion wrote, "We strongly condemn the decision of Ternopil city council to name the City Stadium after the infamous Hauptman (Captain) of the SS 201st Schutzmannschaft Roman Shukhevych and demand the immediate cancellation of this decision".<ref name=":02stad">Template:Citation</ref><ref name=":03stad">Template:Citation</ref>

The Eastern Europe Director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, Efraim Zuroff wrote, "It is fully understandable that Ternopil seeks to honor those who fought against Soviet Communism, but not those behind the mass murder of innocent fellow citizens." in a statement attempting to convince Ternopil to reconsider the "renaming of its stadium in honor of Nazi collaborator, Hauptmann of the SS Schutzmannschaft 201, Roman Shukhevych, an active participant in the mass murder of Jews and Poles in World War II."<ref name=":01stad">Template:Citation</ref>

Russo-Ukrainian WarEdit

In June 2022, due to the full-scale Russian invasion and missile strikes from the territory of Belarus, Ternopil suspended its partnership with the city of Pinsk.

FestivalsEdit

An international open-air music festival called Template:Ill has been held annually near Ternopil for 2–4 days in July since 2013.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

SourcesEdit

External linksEdit

Template:Portal Template:Sister project Template:Wikivoyage Template:Sister project

Template:Ternopil Oblast Template:Administrative divisions of Ukraine Template:Capitals of Ukraine Template:Cities in Ukraine

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