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Great Blue Norther of November 11, 1911

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Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox storm On Saturday, November 11, 1911, a cold snap, known as the Great Blue Norther of 11/11/11, affected the Central United States. Many cities broke record highs, going into the 70s and 80s early that afternoon. By nightfall, cities were dealing with temperatures in the teens and single-digits on the Fahrenheit scale. This is the only day in many midwest cities' weather bureau jurisdictions where the record highs and lows were broken for the same day. Some cities experienced tornadoes on Saturday and a blizzard on Sunday.<ref name="WaterlooCyclone">Template:Cite news</ref> A blizzard even occurred within one hour after an F4 tornado hit Rock County, Wisconsin.Template:Sfn

The front produced severe weather and tornadoes across the upper Mississippi Valley, a blizzard in Ohio, and the windy conditions upon front passage caused a dust storm in Oklahoma.<ref name=albert>Template:Cite news</ref> Alongside the dramatic temperature swings, the cold front brought a destructive tornado outbreak to parts of the Midwest. At least 13 tornadoes touched down across five states as the system moved through, resulting in 13 fatalities. Hundreds of structures were destroyed by the storms and many areas had to conduct search and rescue missions amidst blizzard conditions. Thomas P. Grazulis stated in 1990 that this outbreak was one of the worst on record in November for the north-central States.Template:Sfn

BackgroundEdit

The main cause of such a dramatic cold snap was an extremely strong storm system separating warm, humid air from frigid, arctic air. Dramatic cold snaps tend to occur mostly in the month of November, though they can also come in February or March.<ref name=albert/> These arrivals of Continental Polar or Arctic air masses are generally called northers, and the one in question was marked by a mass of steel blue clouds in the vicinity of the surface front, hence the name. Although temperature drops of this extent have happened on other occasions, as recently as February 2009, the fact that the 1911 cold front passage was during the autumn and came after such warm weather contributed to the properties mentioned in this article.<ref name="srh.noaa.gov">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

ImpactEdit

The cold front was so strong, that while several states saw record monthly highs on November 10 and 11, they saw record cold monthly lows on November 12 and 13. This was especially true in Missouri, where one station had a high of Template:Convert before the storm, and after the storm, another station had a low of Template:Convert. The cold front began on November 9. Rapid City, South Dakota went from Template:Convert at 6am to Template:Convert at 8am.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Between November 10 and 11th, Denver experienced its eleventh largest two day temperature swing, from Template:Convert, which is a Template:Convert change.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On November 11, temperatures in Kansas City had reached a record high of Template:Convert by late morning before the front moved through. As the cold front approached, the winds increased turning from southeast to northwest. By midnight, the temperature had dropped to Template:Convert, a Template:Convert difference in 14 hours.<ref name=albert/> The next day would have a record low of Template:Convert and a high of only Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In Springfield, the temperature difference was even more extreme. Springfield was at Template:Convert at about 3:45 p.m. CST (21:45 UTC), before the cold front moved through. Fifteen minutes later, the temperature was at Template:Convert with winds out of the northwest at Template:Convert. By 7:00 p.m. CST (01:00 UTC 12 November) the temperature had dropped a further Template:Convert, and by midnight (06:00 UTC), a record low of Template:Convert was established. It was the first time since records had been kept for Springfield when the record high and record low were broken in the same day. The freak temperature difference was also a record breaker: Template:Convert in 10 hours.<ref name=albert /> Peak wind gusts reached Template:Convert.<ref name="ARX111111">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The low on the morning of November 12 was Template:Convert.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> St. Louis dropped from Template:Convert in just ten minutes.<ref>One of the Most Notorious Cold Fronts in American History Dropped Temperatures 70-Plus Degrees in Hours, Weather Underground, November 12, 2019</ref> Record highs and lows were established on the same day in Oklahoma City as well with a high of Template:Convert and low of Template:Convert; temperature difference: Template:Convert. Both records still hold.<ref name="srh.noaa.gov" /><ref name="ARX111111"/> The temperate dropped further to a record low of Template:Convert on November 12, before gradually warming, as Oklahoma City hit Template:Convert on November 13 and Template:Convert on November 14.<ref>After Nov. 11, 1911, Thursday Was Great, The Oklahoman, November 12, 1993</ref> It also produced a dust storm.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Tulsa, Oklahoma had an even more dramatic plunge from Template:Convert in the afternoon of November 11 to Template:Convert by the morning of November 12, although the temperature at midnight is not known.<ref name=fox>110th Anniversary of the Great Blue Norther, the U.S.’s most powerful cold front, Fox23, November 11, 2021</ref> Independence, Kansas saw the temperature drop Template:Convert from Template:Convert in one hour.<ref name=fox/> In Denton, Texas, the temperature drop wasn't as immediate, with it dropping from Template:Convert at 5pm to Template:Convert by 6pm, but the low the morning of November 12 was still Template:Convert.<ref>BACK IN THE DAY: THE GREAT BLUE NORTHER OF 1911, We Denton Do It, March 4, 2015</ref> While this wasn't Amarillo's biggest temperature drop, the drop from Template:Convert is still an impressive Template:Convert drop.<ref>50 Degree Temperature Ranges, NWS Amarillo</ref> Nearby Dallas also saw an impressive plunge from Template:Convert by midnight and by the next morning the mercury was Template:Convert.<ref>Dallas-Fort Worth is set for a 'blue norther' this weekend. Here's how that’s different from a normal cold front, Dallas Morning News, January 15, 2019</ref> In Chicago, Illinois, people died separately of heatstroke and cold, respectively, within 24 hours, the first such incidence on record in the city.<ref name="LakesMWR">Template:Cite journalTemplate:Open access</ref> They dropped from Template:Convert during the event.<ref>The Great Blue Norther of 11-11-1911, ABC57, November 11, 2011</ref> Across central Illinois, up to Template:Convert of snow fell, and in Peoria, Illinois, after a high of Template:Convert on November 11, the temperature crashed to Template:Convert by midnight, and the high on November 12 was Template:Convert.<ref>The "Great Blue Norther" of November 11, 1911, NWS Central Illinois</ref> While only the southern and eastern parts of Iowa felt the Norther, the impacts there were nonetheless powerful, as Albia, Iowa fell from Template:Convert in twelve hours.<ref>The "Great Blue Norther" - November 11, 1911, NWS Des Moines</ref>

The front did not reach Columbus until 3am on November 12, but when it did, temperatures plummeted from Template:Convert, just a degree from a record high, to Template:Convert in an hour, and down to Template:Convert - a record low - that night. By November 13, temperatures dipped further to Template:Convert.<ref>Weird, wild weather on November, 11, 1911, University District History</ref> Lexington, KY also saw the temperature drop on the 12th, when it went from nearly Template:Convert down to a record low from Template:Convert. It dipped to another record low of Template:Convert on November 13, and a record cold high of Template:Convert was also established. However, the record low for November 13 was broken in 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bowling Green saw the drop across the entire day on November 12, from Template:Convert.<ref>Today in Weather History: Strongest U.S. cold front on record, WBTV, December 12, 2012</ref> Temperature plunges ranged from Template:Convert on the East Coast.<ref>THE GREAT BLUE NORTHER OF 11/11/11, Weather Almanac of November 1911</ref>

TornadoesEdit

On Saturday, November 11, 1911, a regionally and seasonally significant tornado outbreak affected the Great Lakes region of the United States.Template:SfnTemplate:RefnTemplate:Refn The outbreak generated at least 13 tornadoes, including a violent, long-tracked F4 that impacted Wisconsin, killing at least nine people and injuring 50 more. Other intense tornadoes occurred in Illinois and Indiana, resulting in four additional fatalities. Several other tornadoes were reported from multiple states. In all, the outbreak killed 16 people and injured at least 101. Total losses exceeded $1.755 million (1911 USD). Tornado researcher Thomas P. Grazulis considered the outbreak to be the worst in the month of November on record at the time in the Great Lakes region.Template:Sfn

Some cities experienced tornadoes on Saturday and a blizzard on Sunday.<ref name="WaterlooCyclone"/> The passage of a cold front, marked by strong winds, produced severe weather, including tornadoes, across the upper Mississippi River Valley, a blizzard in Ohio, and a dust storm in Oklahoma.<ref name=albert/><ref name="srh.noaa.gov" />

Confirmed tornadoesEdit

Template:Tornado Chart

Confirmed tornadoes – Saturday, November 11, 1911Template:RefnTemplate:Refn
F# Location County / Parish State Time (UTC) Path length Template:Abbr width Summary
bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour | F2 W of Davenport Scott IA 18:55–? Template:Convert Template:Convert The first known tornado of the outbreak touched down Template:Convert west of Davenport and tracked northeast. Along its path, five farms sustained damage and a barn was destroyed. One person was injured by the tornado.Template:Sfn
bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour | F4 Avon to Lima Rock WI 20:00–? Template:Convert Template:Convert 12 deaths – The most powerful tornado of the outbreak caused extensive damage to Rock County, Wisconsin. Beginning at 2:00 p.m. CST, the tornado tracked north-northeastward past Orfordville, passed through Hanover, skirted the northwest edge of Janesville, struck Milton, and dissipated in Lima. The worst damage occurred near Milton. Several farms were also leveled near Milton. Overall losses from the tornado reached $1,000,000. Blizzard conditions ensued within an hour of the tornado's passage. Estimates of the death toll vary, with one publication listing nine deaths. 50 people were injured along the path.Template:Sfn<ref name="WisconsinStateJournal">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="WisconsinReport" />
bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour | F2 Arenzville to Virginia Cass IL 22:00–? Template:Convert Template:Convert Tornado touched down near Arenzville and tracked northeast into the town of Virginia. There, about 100 structures were damaged or destroyed. The worst damage occurred on the west side of town where 30 homes and businesses, including a church and high school, were destroyed. Overall, 12 people were injured by the tornado and losses reached $150,000.Template:Sfn
bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour | F3 S of Easton Mason IL 22:45–? Template:Convert Template:Unk 2 deaths – A strong tornado touched down south of Easton and destroyed several homes. Two people were killed in separate incidents near the town. Nine other people were injured by the tornado and losses reached $20,000.Template:Sfn
bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour | F2 E of Aurora DuPage IL 23:30–? Template:Convert Template:Unk A tornado touched down east of Aurora and damaged several buildings. One home lost its roof and another was struck by debris from a barn. The tornado was last noted moving into the "big woods" northeast of Aurora. Losses from the storm reached $10,000.Template:Sfn
bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour | F3 Leroy to S of Michigan City Lake, Porter IN 01:00–? Template:Convert Template:Convert A strong, long-lived tornado first touched down near Leroy and tracked northeast to Michigan City. The most significant damage took place near Lake Eliza where a school was destroyed. Debris from the building was tossed up to Template:Convert away. Another school in Jackson Township was also destroyed. Along the tornado's path, buildings were destroyed on 15 farms. One person was picked up and tossed to his neighbor's house by the storm. According to Thomas P. Grazulis, this tornado was likely a tornado family and not a single, continuous event. Five injuries occurred along the path.Template:Sfn
bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour | FU Terre Haute Vigo IN 02:10–? ≥Template:Convert Template:Unk citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour | F2 Waterloo DeKalb IN 03:00–? Template:Convert Template:Convert A significant tornado struck the town of Waterloo, damaging or destroying at least 100 structures. An opera house in Waterloo collapsed due to the tornado. Just outside town, several farms were also severely damaged. Losses from the storm reached $75,000.Template:Sfn
bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour | F2 SE of Battle Creek Calhoun MI 03:00–? Template:Unk Template:Unk Tornado touched down well to the southeast of Battle Creek. Several barns were leveled and homes were damaged.Template:Sfn
bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour | F2 Laingsburg to Owosso Shiawassee MI 04:05–? Template:Convert Template:Convert citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref> Five factories and twenty homes were destroyed. Two people were killed when the upper floor of their home collapsed on them. 21 people were injured throughout the town. Just outside Laingsburg, 15 barns were destroyed by the tornado. Overall losses from the storm reached $500,000.Template:Sfn

bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour | FU Unknown Kankakee IL Template:Unk Template:Unk Template:Unk A study in 1993 chronicling all tornadoes in Illinois prior to 1916 revealed that a tornado touched down in Kankakee County.Template:Sfn
bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour | FU Unknown Cumberland IL Template:Unk Template:Unk Template:Unk A study in 1993 chronicling all tornadoes in Illinois prior to 1916 revealed that a tornado touched down in Cumberland County.Template:Sfn
bgcolor=#Template:Storm colour | FU Genesee to Lisbon Waukesha WI Template:Unk Template:Unk Template:Unk Homes, barns, chicken coops, sheds, and various outbuildings were unroofed or blown off their foundations.<ref name="WisconsinReport" />

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

Template:Wisconsin tornado events Template:Cold wave

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