The Lesser Key of Solomon

Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Italic title

File:Goetia seal of solomon.svg

The Secret Seal of Solomon

The Lesser Key of Solomon, also known by its Latin title Lemegeton Clavicula SalomonisTemplate:Sfn or simply the Lemegeton, is an anonymously authored grimoire on sorcery, mysticism and magic. It was compiled in the mid-17th century, mostly from materials several centuries older.<ref name="Peterson-intro">Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref name="Rudd-Goetia-399">Template:Harvnb.</ref> It is divided into five books: the Ars Goetia, Ars Theurgia-Goetia, Ars Paulina, Ars Almadel, and Ars Notoria.<ref name="Peterson-intro" /> It is based on the Testament of Solomon and the ring mentioned within it that he used to seal demons.

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

File:Circle of Solomon and Triangle of Solomon from The Lesser Key of Solomon.png

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Terminology

Template:Further The text is more properly called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, or, The little Key of Solomon. The title most commonly used, The Lesser Key of Solomon, does not in fact occur in the manuscripts. A. E. Waite, in his 1898 Book of Black Magic and of Pacts does use the terms "so-called Greater Key" and "Lesser Key" to distinguish between the Clavicula Salomonis and Lemegeton, so he may have been the one to coin it. The Latin term {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} refers to the evocation of demons or evil spirits.<ref name="Asprem653">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Agrippa572">Template:Cite book</ref> It is derived from the Ancient Greek word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) meaning "charm", "witchcraft", or "jugglery". <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In medieval and Renaissance Europe, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was generally considered evil and heretical, in contrast to {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (theurgy) and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (natural magic), which were sometimes considered more noble.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, in his Three Books of Occult Philosophy, writes, "Now the parts of ceremonial magic are goetia and theurgia. Goetia is unfortunate, by the commerces of unclean spirits made up of the rites of wicked curiosities, unlawful charms, and deprecations, and is abandoned and execrated by all laws."<ref name="Agrippa572"/>

Sources

The most obvious source for the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is Johann Weyer's {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} in his {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Weyer does not cite, and is unaware of, any other books in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, suggesting that the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} was derived from his work, not the other way around.<ref name="Peterson-intro" /><ref name="Waite-Lemegeton">Arthur Edward Waite (1913). The Book of Ceremonial Magic. Part I, Chapter III, section 2: "The Lesser Key of Solomon". London – via The Internet Sacred Text Archive.</ref> The order of the spirits changed between the two, four additional spirits were added to the later work, and one spirit (Pruflas) was omitted. The omission of Pruflas, a mistake that also occurs in an edition of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} cited in Reginald Scot's The Discovery of Witchcraft, indicates that the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} could not have been compiled before 1570. Indeed, it appears that the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is more dependent upon Scot's translation of Weyer than on Weyer's work in itself. Additionally, some material came from Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa's Three Books of Occult Philosophy, the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} by pseudo-Pietro d'Abano,Template:Refn<ref name="Peterson-intro" /><ref name="Rudd-Goetia-AGIntro">Template:Harvnb.</ref> and the Magical Calendar.Template:Sfn

Weyer's {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which is likely related to a 1583 manuscript titled The Office of Spirits,<ref name="Officium">Template:Harvnb.</ref> appears to have ultimately been an elaboration on a 15th-century manuscript titled {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (30 of the 47 spirits are nearly identical to spirits in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}).<ref name="Rudd-Goetia-399" /><ref name="Rudd-Goetia-AGIntro" />

In a slightly later copy made by Thomas Rudd (1583?–1656), this portion was labeled {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and the seals and demons were paired with those of the 72 angels of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref name="Rudd-Goetia-Intro">Template:Harvnb.</ref> which were intended to protect the conjurer and to control the demons he summoned.Template:Sfn The angelic names and seals derived from a manuscript by Blaise de Vigenère, whose papers were also used by Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers (1854–1918) in his works for the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn<ref name="Rudd-Goetia-AGIntro" /> (1887–1903). Rudd may have derived his copy of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from a now-lost work by Johannes Trithemius,<ref name="Rudd-Goetia-AGIntro" /> who taught Agrippa, who in turn taught Weyer.

This portion of the work was later edited by Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers and published by Aleister Crowley in 1904 under the title The Book of the Goetia of Solomon the King. Crowley added some additional invocations previously unrelated to the original work (including some evocations in the Enochian language), as well as essays describing the rituals as psychological exploration instead of demon summoning.<ref name="Peterson-editions">Template:Harvnb.</ref>Template:Sfn

The seventy-two demons

File:72 Goeta sigils.png

The 72 sigils

The demons' names (given below) are taken from the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which differs in terms of number and ranking from the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} of Weyer. As a result of multiple translations, there are multiple spellings for some of the names, which are given in the articles concerning them. The demons Vassago, Seere, Dantalion, and Andromalius are new additions in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} that are not present in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} that it is based upon. In contrast, the demon Pruflas appears in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} but not in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

1. King Bael
2. Duke Agares
3. Prince Vassago
4. Marquis Samigina
5. President Marbas
6. Duke Valefor
7. Marquis Amon
8. Duke Barbatos
9. King Paimon
10. President Buer
11. Duke Gusion
12. Prince Sitri
13. King Beleth
14. Marquis Leraje
15. Duke Eligos
16. Duke Zepar
17. Count/President Botis
18. Duke Bathin
19. Duke Sallos
20. King Purson
21. Count/President Morax
22. Count/Prince Ipos
23. Duke Aim
24. Marquis Naberius
25. Count/President Glasya-Labolas
26. Duke Buné
27. Marquis/Count Ronové
28. Duke Berith
29. Duke Astaroth
30. Marquis Forneus
31. President Foras
32. King Asmodeus
33. Prince/President Gäap
34. Count Furfur
35. Marquis Marchosias
36. Prince Stolas
37. Marquis Phenex
38. Count Halphas
39. President Malphas
40. Count Räum
41. Duke Focalor
42. Duke Vepar
43. Marquis Sabnock
44. Marquis Shax
45. King/Count Viné
46. Count Bifrons
47. Duke Vual
48. President Haagenti
49. Duke Crocell
50. Knight Furcas
51. King Balam
52. Duke Alloces
53. President Caim
54. Duke/Count Murmur
55. Prince Orobas
56. Duke Gremory
57. President Ose
58. President Amy
59. Marquis Orias
60. Duke Vapula
61. King/President Zagan
62. President Valac
63. Marquis Andras
64. Duke Flauros
65. Marquis Andrealphus
66. Marquis Kimaris
67. Duke Amdusias
68. King Belial
69. Marquis Decarabia
70. Prince Seere
71. Duke Dantalion
72. Count Andromalius

A footnote in one variant edition lists the kings of the cardinal directions as Oriens or Uriens, Paymon or Paymonia, Template:AnchorAriton or Egyn, and Amaymon or Amaimon, alternatively known as Samael, Azazel, Azael, and Mahazael (purportedly their preferred rabbinic names).Template:Sfn Agrippa's Occult Philosophy lists the kings of the cardinal directions as Urieus (east), Amaymon (south), Paymon (west), and Egin (north); again providing the alternate names Samuel (i.e. Samael), Azazel, Azael, and Mahazuel. The Magical Calendar lists them as Bael, Moymon, Poymon, and Egin,<ref name="Pet-FN">First footnote by Joseph H. Peterson to Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref>The Magical Calendar; Johann Baptist Grossschedel, trans. and ed. Adam McLean; Phanes Press, 1994. p. 35.</ref> though Peterson notes that some variant editions instead list: "Asmodel in the east, Amaymon in the south, Paymon in the west, and Aegym in the north"; "Oriens, Paymon, Egyn, and Amaymon"; or "Amodeo Template:Sic (king of the east), Paymon (king of the west), Egion (king of the north), and Maimon."<ref name="Pet-FN" />

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} mostly derives from Trithemius's {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, though the seals and order of the spirits are different due to corrupted transmission via manuscript.<ref name="Rudd-Goetia-AGIntro" /><ref name="Peterson-Intro-ATG">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Rituals not found in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} were added, in some ways conflicting with similar rituals found in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Most of the spirits summoned are tied to compass points: four emperors are tied to the cardinal points (Carnesiel in the east, Amenadiel in the west, Demoriel in the north, and Caspiel in the south); and sixteen dukes are tied to cardinal points, inter-cardinal points, and additional directions between those. There are eleven "wandering princes", so a total of thirty-one spirit leaders each rule several spirits, up to a few dozen.<ref name="Rudd-Goetia-ATSIntro">Template:Harvnb.</ref>

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

Template:Further Derived from book three of Trithemius's {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} and from portions of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, but purportedly delivered by Paul the Apostle instead of (as claimed by Trithemius) Raziel. Elements from The Magical Calendar, astrological seals by Robert Turner's 1656 translation of Paracelsus's Archdiocese of Magic, and repeated mentions of guns and the year 1641 indicate that this portion was written in the later half of the seventeenth century.<ref name="Peterson-Intro-AP">Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref name="Rudd-Goetia-APIntro">Template:Harvnb.</ref> Traditions of Paul communicating with heavenly powers are almost as old as Christianity itself, as seen in some interpretations of 2 Corinthians 12:2–4 and the apocryphal Apocalypse of Paul. The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is in turn divided into two books, the first detailing twenty-four angels aligned with the twenty-four hours of the day, the second (derived more from the Heptameron) detailing the 360 spirits of the degrees of the zodiac.<ref name="Rudd-Goetia-APIntro"/>

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

Mentioned by Trithemius and Weyer, the latter of whom claimed an Arabic origin for the work. A 15th-century copy is attested to by Robert H. Turner, and Hebrew copies were discovered in the 20th century. The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} instructs the magician on how to create a wax tablet with specific designs intended to contact angels via scrying.<ref name="Peterson-Intro-AA">Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref name="Rudd-Goetia-AAIntro">Template:Harvnb.</ref>

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, or The Notory Art, which the Almighty Creator Revealed to Solomon, is a seventeenth-century composite text consisting of two separate and imperfect magical texts, the fourteenth century Ars Notoria, or the Notory Art (glossed version), and the mid-fourteenth century Ars Brevis, or the Short Art. From the original Ars Notoria (glossed version), the compiler of the Ars Notoria, quam Creator Altissimus Salomoni revelavit presents a new rearrangement of a series of mysteriously formulated prayers (which are also found in the London manuscript of The Sworn Book of Honorius) intended to enhance the mental faculties, such as memory, eloquence, and understanding, of the magician. Some editions of the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} contain the 1657 English translation of The Notory Art, which the Almighty Creator Revealed to Solomon being published and retitled by Robert Turner of Holshott as Ars Notoria: The Notory Art of Solomon, Shewing the Cabalistical Key of Magical Operations, The liberal Sciences, Divine Revelation, and The Art of Memory. Other editions of the Lemegeton omit this work entirely;<ref name="Peterson-Intro-AN">Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref name="Rudd-Goetia-ANIntro">Template:Harvnb.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A. E. Waite ignores it completely when describing the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name="Waite-Lemegeton" />

Editions

• Crowley, Aleister (ed.), S. L. MacGregor Mathers (transcribed) The Book of the Goetia of Solomon the King. Translated into the English tongue by a dead hand (Foyers, Inverness: Society for the Propagation of Religious Truth, 1904) 1995 reprint: Template:ISBN.
• Greenup, A. W., "The Almadel of Solomon, according to the text of the Sloane MS. 2731" The Occult Review vol. 22 no. 2, August 1915, 96–102.
• Henson, Mitch (ed.) Lemegeton. The Complete Lesser Key of Solomon (Jacksonville: Metatron Books, 1999) Template:ISBN. Noted by Peterson to be "uncritical and indiscriminate in its use of source material".<ref name="Peterson-editions" />
• de Laurence, L. W. (ed.), The Lesser Key of Solomon, Goetia, The Book of Evil Spirits (Chicago: de Laurence, Scott & Co., 1916) 1942 reprint: Template:ISBN; 2006 reprint: Template:ISBN. A plagiarism of the Mathers/Crowley edition.Template:Sfn
• Peterson, Joseph H. (ed.), The Lesser Key of Solomon: Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis (York Beach, Maine: Weiser Books, 2001). Considered "the definitive version"Template:Sfn and "the standard edition".Template:Sfn
• Runyon, Carroll, The Book of Solomon's Magick (Silverado, California: C.H.S. Inc., 1996). Targeted more toward practicing magicians than academics, claims that the demons were originally derived from Mesopotamian mythology.Template:Sfn
• Shah, Idries, The Secret Lore of Magic (London: Abacus, 1972). Contains portions of Ars Almandel and split sections the Goetia, missing large portions of the rituals involved.<ref name="Peterson-editions" />
• Skinner, Stephen & Rankine, David (eds.), The Goetia of Dr Rudd: The Angels and Demons of Liber Malorum Spirituum Seu Goetia (sourceworks of Ceremonial Magic) (London and Singapore: The Golden Hoard Press 2007) Template:ISBN
• Thorogood, Alan (ed.), Frederick Hockley (transcribed), The Pauline Art of Solomon (York Beach, Maine: The Teitan Press, 2016)
• Veenstra, Jan R. "The Holy Almandal. Angels and the intellectual aims of magic" in Jan N. Bremmer and Jan R. Veenstra (eds.), The Metamorphosis of Magic from Late Antiquity to the Early Modern Period (Leuven: Peeters, 2002), pp. 189–229. The Almadel is transcribed at pp. 217–229.
• Waite, Arthur Edward, The Book of Black Magic and of Pacts. Including the rites and mysteries of goëtic theurgy, sorcery, and infernal necromancy, also the rituals of black magic (Edinburgh: 1898). Reprinted as The Secret Tradition in Goëtia. The Book of Ceremonial Magic, including the rites and mysteries of Goëtic theurgy, sorcery, and infernal necromancy (London: William Rider & Son, 1911). Includes the Goetia, Pauline Art and Almadel.<ref name="Peterson-editions" />
• White, Nelson & Anne (eds.) Lemegeton: Clavicula Salomonis: or, The complete lesser key of Solomon the King (Pasadena, California: Technology Group, 1979). Noted by Peterson to be "almost totally unreadable".<ref name="Peterson-editions" />
• Wilby, Kevin (ed.) The Lemegetton. A Medieval Manual of Solomonic Magic (Silian, Lampeter: Hermetic Research Series, 1985)

See also

• Aleister Crowley bibliography
• The Book of Abramelin
• List of occult terms
• Magical Treatise of Solomon
• Dictionnaire Infernal
• Pseudomonarchia Daemonum

References

Works cited

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Further reading

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite bookTemplate:ISBN?

External links

• J. B. Hare, online edition (2002, sacred-texts.com)
• Joseph H. Peterson, online edition (1999)
• Demon list with descriptions