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The Mother of All Demos

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File:SRI Douglas Engelbart 1968.jpg
Engelbart practicing for the demo

"The Mother of All Demos" was a landmark computer demonstration, named retroactively, of developments by Stanford Research Institute's Augmentation Research Center. It was presented at the Association for Computing Machinery / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (ACM/IEEE)—Computer Society's Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco, by Douglas Engelbart, on December 9, 1968.Template:Sfnp

The 90-minute live demonstration featured the introduction of a complete computer hardware and software system called the oN-Line System or, more commonly, NLS, which demonstrated for the first time many of the fundamental elements of modern personal computing, including windows, hypertext, graphics, efficient navigation and command input, video conferencing, the computer mouse, word processing, dynamic file linking, revision control, and a collaborative real-time editor.

Engelbart's presentation was the first to publicly demonstrate all of these elements in a single system. The demonstration was highly influential and spawned similar projects at Xerox PARC in the early 1970s. The underlying concepts and technologies influenced both the Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows graphical user interface operating systems in the 1980s and 1990s.

BackgroundEdit

Much of Engelbart's thought that led to the development of his Augmentation Research Center (ARC), as well as the oN-Line System, was derived from the "research culture" of World War II and the early Cold War. A notable source of inspiration to Engelbart was the article "As We May Think", written by Vannevar Bush in The Atlantic magazine, which Engelbart read while stationed as a United States Navy radar technician in the Philippines in 1946.Template:Sfnp In Engelbart's view, in order to steer society into the right use of scientific knowledge derived from the war, that knowledge would need to be better managed and regulated.Template:Sfnp

In his book From Counterculture to Cyberculture, Fred Turner gave voice to this view, which arose from seeing the unintended effects of technology on the postwar world:Template:Sfnp

[T]he American military had developed technologies with which it might destroy the world. In its wake, scientists and technologists had begun to fan out around the globe, seeking to use their knowledge to eradicate disease and increase food production, often in an effort to win the cold war loyalties of Third World nations. Engelbart had read about these efforts and saw that they often backfired. Rapid food production led to the depletion of the soil; the eradication of insects led to ecological imbalances.

This ultimately led to the idea that beyond merely performing calculations, computers could be used to augment the capabilities of the human mind.Template:Sfnp

DemonstrationEdit

File:SRI Computer Mouse.jpg
The first prototype of a computer mouse, as designed by Bill English from Douglas Engelbart's sketchesTemplate:Sfnp

Engelbart had assembled a team of computer engineers and programmers at his Augmentation Research Center (ARC) located in Stanford University's Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in the early 1960s.Template:Sfnp His idea was to free computing from merely being about number crunching and for it to become a tool for communications and information-retrieval.Template:Sfnp He wanted to turn Vannevar Bush's idea for a Memex machine into reality, where a machine used interactively by one person could "augment" their intelligence.Template:Sfnp

Over the course of six years, with the funding help of both NASA and ARPA,Template:Sfnp his team went about putting together all the elements that would make such a computer system a reality. At the urging of ARPA's director, Robert Taylor, the NLS would make its first public appearance at the 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco's Civic Auditorium.Template:Sfnp

The conference session was presented under the title A research center for augmenting human intellect.Template:Sfnp Approximately 1,000 computer professionals were in attendance in the auditorium to witness the presentation.Template:Sfnp Notable attendees in the audience included Alan Kay, Charles Irby and Andy van Dam,Template:Sfnp as well as Bob Sproull.Template:Sfnp

Engelbart, with the help of his geographically distributed team (including Bill Paxton), with Bill English directing the presentation's technical elements, demonstrated NLS's functions.Template:Refn The presentation used an Eidophor video projector that allowed the video output from the NLS computer to be displayed on a large Template:Convert high screen so the audience could see what Engelbart was doing.Template:Sfnp

The Augment researchers also created two customized homemade modems at 1200 baudTemplate:Sndhigh-speed for 1968Template:Sndlinked via a leased line to transfer data from the computer workstation keyboard and mouse at the Civic Auditorium to their Menlo Park headquarters' SDS-940 computer.Template:Refn

In order to provide live two-way video between the lab and the conference hall, two microwave links were used. English also commanded a video switcher that controlled what was displayed on the big screen. The camera operator in Menlo Park was Stewart Brand, who at the time was a non-computer person, best known as the editor of the Whole Earth Catalog. Stewart Brand advised Engelbart and the team about how to present the demo.Template:Sfnp Engelbart got to know Stewart Brand when they experimented with LSD at the same lab.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

During the 90-minute presentation, Engelbart used his mouse prototype to move around the screen, highlight text, and resize windows.Template:Sfnp This was the first time that an integrated system for manipulating text onscreen was presented publicly.Template:SfnpTemplate:Refn

At separate times, his Augment associates Jeff Rulifson and Bill Paxton appeared in another portion of the screen to help edit the text remotely from ARC. While they were editing they could see each other's screen, talk and see each other as well. He further demonstrated that clicking on underlined text would then link to another page of information, demonstrating the concept of hypertext.Template:Sfnp

When he finished the demonstration, the audience gave him a standing ovation. To further demonstrate the system, a separate room was set aside so that attendees could take a closer look at the NLS workstations and ask Engelbart questions.Template:Sfnp One last notion is that of Engelbart's NLS system. As Fred Turner stated in his book From Counterculture to Cyberculture:

Engelbart promulgated a philosophy of 'bootstrapping', in which each experimental transformation of the socio-technical system that was the NLS would feed back into the system itself, causing it to evolve (and presumably to improve).Template:Sfnp

InfluenceEdit

File:Douglas Engelbart in 2008.jpg
Douglas Engelbart in 2008, at the 40th anniversary celebrations of "The Mother of All Demos" in San Francisco

Prior to the demonstration, a significant portion of the computer science community thought Engelbart was "a crackpot".Template:Sfnp When he was finished, he was described as "dealing lightning with both hands".Template:Sfnp Van Dam was working on a similar system, but had only begun work on it in 1967, and was stunned to see how mature NLS was: he practically accosted Engelbart with his line of questioning in the post-presentation question and answer session.Template:Sfnp After he finished interrogating Engelbart, van Dam agreed the NLS demo was the greatest thing he ever witnessed.Template:Sfnp Van Dam would go on to become a leader in teaching computer graphics in the 1970s.<ref>ACM SIGGRAPH: Report on Andy van Dam Template:Webarchive</ref> The actual impact on computer science, however, was limited:

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As the 1970s started, much of Engelbart's team departed ARC and went their own ways, with many of them ending up at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Among these people were Bill English, who would further improve upon the mouse.Template:Sfnp Also migrating to PARC was Engelbart's former backer at NASA and ARPA, Robert Taylor.Template:Sfnp Alan Kay, also in attendance at the demo, would go on to design an object-oriented computing environment called Smalltalk while he was at PARC.Template:Sfnp

By 1973, the Xerox Alto was a fully functional personal computer similar to the NLS terminal which Engelbart had demonstrated in 1968, but much smaller and physically refined. With its mouse-driven GUI, the Alto would go on to influence Steve Jobs and Apple's Macintosh computer and operating system in the 1980s.Template:Sfnp Eventually, Microsoft's Windows operating system would follow the Macintosh and use a multi-button mouse in the same way that the Alto and the NLS system did.Template:Sfnp

Engelbart's influence peaked at the conference, and he was mostly remembered throughout the 1970s and much of the 1980s as the inventor of the mouse and hypertext, famously adapted by Apple and Microsoft. On the demo's 30th anniversary in 1998, Stanford University held a major conference to celebrate Engelbart's visionary impact on computing and the World Wide Web.Template:Sfnp By the time the 40th anniversary was celebrated, Engelbart's demo was acknowledged as one of the most important in computer history.Template:Sfnp

In 2015, a performance art musical presentation called The Demo depicted the event. It was composed and performed by Mikel Rouse and Ben Neill, with its premiere at Stanford's Bing Concert Hall.Template:SfnpTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

ReferencesEdit

NotesEdit

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CitationsEdit

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BibliographyEdit

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External linksEdit

  • Template:Citation – comprehensive portal page maintained by the Doug Engelbart Institute with links to annotated video footage at various sites, retrospectives, photos, conference proceedings, program, tribute sites, etc.
  • Template:Citation, includes background, links, archival reports and papers, oral history, etc.; previously included streaming video of the demo in full, and in annotated clips
  • Commemorative Events: Template:Citation, Template:Citation, and Template:Citation.
  • Template:Citation Documentary about Doug Engelbart.

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