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Theodor Nöldeke

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File:Brieven van Theodor Nöldeke (1836-1930) aan Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje (1857-1936) Or. 8952 A 755.pdf
Nöldeke's handwriting on a postcard, 1905

Theodor Nöldeke ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; born 2 March 1836 – 25 December 1930) was a German orientalist and scholar, originally a student of Heinrich Ewald. He is one of the founders of the field of Quranic studies, especially through his foundational work titled Geschichte des Qorāns (History of the Quran). His research interests also ranged over Old Testament studies, and his command of Semitic languages ranging across Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, and Ethiopic allowed him to write hundreds of studies across a wide range of Oriental topics, including a number of translations, grammars, and works on literatures found in various languages.<ref>Arjomand, Said Amir. (2022). Messianism and sociopolitical revolution in medieval Islam. Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 16. Template:ISBN. Google Books website Retrieved 21 December 2023.</ref>Template:Sfn

Among the projects Nöldeke collaborated on was Michael Jan de Goeje’s published edition of al-Tabari's Tarikh ("Universal History"), for which he translated the Sassanid-era section. This translation remains of great value, particularly for the extensive supplementary commentary. His numerous students included Charles Cutler Torrey, Louis Ginzberg and Friedrich Zacharias Schwally. He entrusted Schwally with the continuation of Geschichte des Qorāns.

BiographyEdit

Nöldeke was born on 2 March 1836 in Harburg, today a borough of Hamburg. In 1853 he graduated from the Gymnasium Georgianum Lingen, Emsland, and went on to study at the University of Göttingen under Heinrich Ewald, and later at the University of Vienna, the University of Leiden and the Humboldt University of Berlin.

In 1864 he became a professor at the University of Kiel and from 1872 at the University of Strasbourg until he retired aged 70. Many of his students became prominent researchers in their own right, including Eduard Sachau, Carl Brockelmann, Christiaan Snouck-Hurgronje, Edward Denison Ross, and Charles Cutler Torrey.Template:Sfn

Nöldeke had ten children, six of whom predeceased him. His son Arnold Nöldeke became a judge and was a Hamburg senator during the Weimar period.

He died in Karlsruhe in 1930.

ResearchEdit

Geschichte des QorânsEdit

Noldeke's Geschichte emerged out of the dissertation that he had begun writing during his university studies, which was completed in 1856 and titled De origine et compositione surarum qoranicarum ipsiusque Qorani.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Compared to earlier works studying the Quran by Western writers, Nöldeke uncoupled the study of the text from inquiries into the life of Muhammad and, unlike predecessors of his such as William Muir, did not have a missionary zeal. Instead, Nöldeke studied the Quran for its own sake. One of the most important aspects of Nöldeke's argument was his periodisation of the Quranic surahs into a tripartite Meccan phase followed by a Medinan phase (an idea already conceived by his predecessor, Gustav Weil). In this, Nöldeke, though he did not follow the traditional chronological division of surahs exactly, did follow it in some detail. At the same time, Nöldeke also considered his division to be malleable and tentative to a degree as opposed to absolute and deciding.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Although Nöldeke's work has been followed closely by some and rejected by others,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> it has been so influential that at least one scholar has referred to his work as "the rock of our church".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2013, a complete translation of the volume into English was published.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Chronology of the QuranEdit

The Nöldeke Chronology is a "canonical ordering" of the 114 surahs of the Qur'an according to the sequence of revelation. Intended to aid theological, literary, and historical scholarship of Qur'anic exegesis by enhancing structural coherence.Template:Sfn The Nöldeke Chronology has been adopted for general guidance by some schools of current scholarship.Template:Sfn Nöldeke considered the surahs from the perspective of content and stylistic development and linguistic origination to rearrange them in historical sequence of revelation. According to his system Sura 21: “The Prophets,” – 21st of 114 surahs in the Qur'an – is renumbered '65'. His chronology further divided the surahs into two periods: The Meccan (in three phases), and the Medina.

The Nöldeke Chronology of the Qur'an: Four groups of the 114 Surahs:

MandaeismEdit

In 1875, near the very beginning of the academic study of the religion of Mandaeism, Nöldeke published the Mandäische grammatik,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> a monumental work of Mandaean grammar that was of such philological depth that it remains the standard work on the subject to this day. It was also the basis of the subsequent Mandaic Dictionary by E. S. Drower.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Alexander the GreatEdit

In 1890, Nöldeke initiated the study of Alexander legends in the Arabic tradition with the publication of his Beiträge zur geschichte des Alexanderromans.Template:Sfn

DistinctionsEdit

  • 1859 – won the French Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres prize for his Histoire du Coran and Semitic languages, and the history and civilization of Islam.
  • 1860 – Geschichte des Qorâns German edition published with additions at Göttingen.
  • 1861 – lectures at the university of Göttingen.
  • 1864 – extraordinary professor at the university of Göttingen.
  • 1868 – ordinary professor at Kiel; Grammatik der neusyrischen Sprache published.
  • 1872 – chair of Oriental Languages at Strassburg, (resigns in 1906).
  • 1874 – Mandäische Grammatik published.
  • 1878 – Foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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Selected worksEdit

He contributed frequently to the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, the Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen and the Expositor.

ReferencesEdit

CitationsEdit

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SourcesEdit

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Further readingEdit

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