Tiedemann Giese

Template:Short description Template:Infobox person Tiedemann Giese (1 June 1480 – 23 October 1550), was Bishop of Kulm (Chełmno) first canon, later Prince-Bishop of Warmia (Ermland) whose interest in mathematics, astronomy, and theology led him to mentor a number of important young scholars, including Copernicus. He was a prolific writer and correspondent, publishing a number of works on the reformation of the church. Tiedemann was a member of the patrician Giese family of Danzig (Gdańsk). The Giese family ancestors originated from Unna in Westphalia, near Dortmund.<ref name="NDB">Template:NDB</ref> His father was Albrecht Giese and his younger brother, the Hanseatic League merchant Georg Giese.

Life and career

Giese was the fifth child of Albrecht Giese and his wife, Elisabeth Langenbeck, both members of wealthy merchant families. His paternal family had emigrated from Cologne to Danzig in the 1430s. His father was the Mayor of Danzig, and his mother's uncle, Johann Ferber, had been Mayor of Danzig.<ref>Gassendi, P. and Thill, O., The Life of Copernicus (1473–1543), p. 179; Ostdeutsche Familienkunde, [East German Family Studies], Volumes 10–12, Degener & Company, 1962, p. 330</ref>

At the age of 12 years, Tiedemann, along with his cousin, Johann Ferber, entered the University of Leipzig, and subsequently studied at Basel and in Italy. He earned a Master of Theology degree.<ref name="Gassendi, P 1543 pp. 179">Gassendi, P. and Thill, O., The Life of Copernicus (1473–1543), pp. 179–180</ref> Giese was one of the best educated scholars in Prussia, well versed in both theology and the sciences.<ref>Fudge, J.D., Commerce and Print in the Early Reformation, BRILL, 2007, p. 111</ref> At age 24, he and Mauritius Ferber (possibly a cousin) became priests at the Catholic Church of St. Peter and St. Paul.Template:Citation needed

He was secretary to the King of Poland, and later appointed canon of Frauenburg (Frombork), where he remained for 30 years. His residence was the Episcopal Castle at Frauenburg. The King appointed him Bishop of Kulm on 22 September 1537 (ratified by the Pope on 11 January 1538).<ref name="Gassendi, P 1543 pp. 179"/> Toward the end of his life, he became Bishop of Ermland.<ref>Kesten, H., Copernicus and His World, Secker & Warburg Ltd., 1945, p. 311</ref>

Giese was supported by Chancellor Lucas David. He was a humanist and a liberal in the Erasmian mould. Although a Catholic, he demonstrated relative tolerance towards Lutherans.<ref>Fudge, J.D., Commerce and Print in the Early Reformation, BRILL, 2007, pp. 110–112; Gassendi, P. and Thill, O., The Life of Copernicus (1473–1543), p. 181</ref> He made himself the spokesperson for a group of liberal and tolerant men who wanted to mediate between the "old-believers" and "the new-believers".<ref>Kesten, H., Copernicus and his World, Secker & Warburg Ltd., 1945. p. 228</ref> In his writings, he expressed the aim of reconciling the Catholic and Protestant branches of the church, but ultimately alienated both of them.<ref>Kesten, H., Copernicus and his World, Secker & Warburg Ltd., 1945, p. 230</ref>

Bishop Giese was a lifelong friend and frequent companion of the astronomer and proponent of heliocentrism Nicolaus Copernicus<ref>Fudge, J.D., Commerce and Print in the Early Reformation, BRILL, 2007, p 110; one source indicates that Giese and Copernicus may have been cousins, See Gassendi, P. and Thill, O., The Life of Copernicus (1473–1543), Secker & Warburg Ltd. 1945, p. 179</ref> and shared his interest in astronomy.<ref>Freely, J., Celestial Revolutionary: Copernicus, the Man and His Universe, I.B.Tauris, 2014, p. 126</ref> As a very wealthy man, Giese had the best instruments which,<ref name="Koestler, A. 2017">Koestler, A., The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe, Penguin, 2017, [E-book edition]</ref> from time to time, he loaned to Copernicus.<ref>Gassendi, P. and Thill, O., The Life of Copernicus (1473–1543), pp. 181–182</ref> Giese, seven years younger than Copernicus, was sufficiently well educated to be able to follow Copernicus' studies. Giese bought his friend an ingenious sundial, and gave him an instrument with which he could observe the equinoxes.<ref>Kesten, H., Copernicus and his World, Secker & Warburg Ltd. 1945, p. 169</ref> The mathematician, Rheticus, published a list of Giese's astronomical instruments, which he considered to have been made by men who really understood their mathematics.<ref name="Koestler, A. 2017"/>

Giese actively encouraged his friend, Copernicus, to publish his findings in relation to the movement of the planets in the Solar System. In turn, Copernicus regularly acknowledged his indebtedness to the many friends, especially Giese and Rheticus, who had supported him and encouraged him to publish.<ref>Black, J.N., The Death of Evolution: Restoring Faith and Wonder in a World of Doubt, Zondervan, 2010, p. 42; Galileo, Selected Writings, Oxford University Press, p. 405; The Gradual Acceptance of the Copernican Theory of the Universe. p. 29</ref>

In 1516, Giese was the co-author, with Copernicus, of a letter to the Polish King Sigismund I the Old asking for the King's protection of Prussia against the Teutonic Knights, and generally supported the interests of the Polish Crown against that of the Teutonic Order.<ref>University of Colorado, "East European quarterly, Volume 7", University of Colorado, 1973, pg. 239</ref> Danzig had been part of the State of the Teutonic Order since the Teutonic invasion of Gdańsk Pomerania in 1308.<ref>Davies, N., Vanished Kingdoms, Penguin Group, 2011 pp. 344, 345; Rampley, M., Heritage, Ideology, and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe, Boydell Press, 2012, p. 115; Davies, N., God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795 Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 197; Frankot, E., Of Laws of Ships and Shipmen, Edinburgh University Press, 2012 p. 78</ref> Its population became ethnically German as a result.<ref>Atkin, N., Biddis, M. and Tallett, G., The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789, John Wiley & Sons, 2011 [E-book edition], n.p.; Rampley, M., Heritage, Ideology, and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe, Boydell Press, 2012, p. 116</ref> In 1466 Danzig reverted to the Kingdom of Poland, within which it retained considerable independence (e.g. had its own judiciary and minted its own coinage). The region's ethnic German inhabitants resisted full incorporation into Poland, but turned to the Polish King for support against the Teutonic aggressors.<ref>Davies, N., God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795 Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 197; Frankot, E., Of Laws of Ships and Shipmen, Edinburgh University Press, 2012 p. 78; Rampley, M., Heritage, Ideology, and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe, Boydell Press, 2012, p. 115; Rampley, M., Heritage, Ideology, and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe, Boydell Press, 2012, p. 115; Davies, N., God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795 Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 197; Frankot, E., Of Laws of Ships and Shipmen, Edinburgh University Press, 2012 p. 78; Rampley, M., Heritage, Ideology, and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe, Boydell Press, 2012, p. 115</ref>

He also worked on updating the Kulm law while a canon in Ermland. On 1 July 1536 he was designated by King of Poland, Sigismund I, who considered him a very valuable diplomat, as Bishop of Kulm, which was later confirmed by the Pope.Template:Citation needed After Mauritius Ferber's death, Giese became prince-bishop.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Giese was described by his contemporaries as a very pious man, an extremely learned man, a loyal friend, generous and a man who supported those in need. Nicolaus Copernicus explained that his "devoted friend, Tiedeman Giese, [was] a man filled with the greatest zeal for the divine and the liberal arts."<ref>Copernicus, "The Heliocentric Theory," in: Dolling, L.M., Gianelli, A. and Statile, G.N., (eds), The Tests of Time: Readings in the Development of Physical Theory, Princeton University Press, 2003, pp. 44–45</ref>

Giese was a prolific writer and correspondent. He regularly corresponded with young, ambitious scholars, encouraging them and following their careers with interest. In the preface of his book, De revolutionibus, Copernicus credits Giese with encouraging publication and urging him not to conceal the principles on which he deduced his theory of planetary motions.<ref>Westman, R., The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order, University of California Press, 2011 p. 138</ref> He carried out active correspondence with the humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam, the Lutheran reformer Philip Melanchthon, and the humanist philosopher Damião de Gois.<ref>Hirsch, E.F., Damião de Gois: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist, 1502–1574,Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, p. 36</ref>

Among his known publications is Centum et decem assertiones, quas auctor earum Flosculos appellavit de homine interiore et exteriore and Antilogikon, a polemical refutation of Lutheran reformer Johann Briesmann.<ref>Unger, R. and Basista, B., Britain and Poland-Lithuania: Contact and Comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795, BRILL, 2008, p. 225</ref> He also wrote De Regno Christi in which he envisions a reformed, reunited and reinvigorated church, but which now only survives in fragments.<ref>Nowakowska, N.,King Sigismund of Poland and Martin Luther: The Reformation Before Confessionalization, Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 163</ref> He also wrote a treatise defending Copernicus's theory of planetary motions. Most of his other works have been lost, including a treatise on Aristotle.Template:Citation needed

His friend, Copernicus (who died in 1543) willed his writings to Giese and left his library to the church administration of the Prince-Bishopric of Ermland (Warmia). Bishop Giese died in Heilsberg (Lidzbark) and was laid to rest next to Copernicus at the Frauenburg (Frombork) cathedral.<ref>Bishop Giese buried next to Copernicus</ref>

Works

• Antilogikon flosculorum Lutheranorum (1523)<ref name="NDB" />
• Anacrisis nominis Jesus (1542)

Sources

• Teresa Borawska, Tiedemann Giese (1480–1550) w życiu wewnętrznym Warmii i Prus Królewskich [Tiedemann Giese (1480–1550) in the Internal Life of Warmia and Royal Prussia, Olsztyn, 1984.
• Template:Cite ADB
• Template:NDB

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