Spanish moss

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Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) is an epiphytic flowering plant that often grows upon large trees in tropical and subtropical climates. It is native to much of Mexico, Bermuda, the Bahamas, Central America, South America (as far south as northern Patagonia),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the Southern United States, and West Indies. It has been naturalized in Queensland (Australia). It is known as "grandpa's beard" in French Polynesia.<ref name="j">Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Tillandsia usneoides</ref> It has the widest distribution of any bromeliad.

Most known in the United States, it commonly is found on the southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) and bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) in the lowlands, swamps, and marshes of the mid-Atlantic and Southeastern states, from the coast of southeastern Virginia to Florida and west to southern Arkansas and Texas.<ref name="eFloras">Template:EFloras</ref><ref name="BONAP">Template:BONAP</ref> While it superficially resembles its namesake, the lichen Usnea, it is neither a lichen nor a moss (instead being a member of the bromeliad family, Bromeliaceae), and it is not native to Spain.

DescriptionEdit

File:Spanishmoss1.jpg

Close-up of Spanish moss

Spanish moss consists of one or more slender stems, bearing alternate thin, curved or curly, and heavily scaled leaves Template:Convert long and Template:Convert broad, that grow vegetatively in a chain-like fashion (pendant), forming hanging structures of up to Template:Convert.<ref name="floridata.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The gray-green garlands have occasionally been found hanging down as much as 26 feet (eight meters).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The plant has no roots.<ref name="floridata.com"/><ref name="UF-IFAS">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its flowers are yellow-green and small, with spreading petals. The scape is partly hidden within the leaf sheath.<ref name="eFloras"/> Spanish moss propagates both by seed and vegetatively by fragments that are carried on the wind and stick to tree limbs or that are carried to other locations by birds as nesting material.Template:Citation needed

TaxonomyEdit

Spanish moss is in the family Bromeliaceae (the bromeliads). Formerly, it was placed in the genera Anoplophytum, Caraguata, and Renealmia.<ref>Template:GRIN</ref> The specific name of the plant, usneoides, means "resembling Usnea", a lichen.<ref name="Damrosch Neal 2003">Template:Cite book</ref>

Habitat and distributionEdit

Spanish moss' primary range is in the Southeastern United States (including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands) to Argentina, where the climate is warm enough and a relatively high average humidity occurs.Template:Citation needed In North America, it occurs in a broad band following the Gulf of Mexico and the southern Atlantic coast.<ref name="BONAP"/> The northern limit of its natural range is Northampton County, Virginia,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> with colonial-era reports of it in southern Maryland,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="mdrare">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Brown">Template:Cite book</ref> where no populations are now known to exist.<ref name="Brown"/>

It has been introduced to locations around the world with similar conditions, including Hawaii, where it first established itself in the nineteenth century.<ref name="Lei"/>

EcologyEdit

File:Spanish moss in Pender County, NC IMG 4472.JPG

Spanish moss growing along the limb of a tree

Spanish moss is not parasitic: it is an epiphyte that absorbs nutrients and water through its own leaves from the air and rain falling upon it. While its presence rarely kills the trees on which it grows, it occasionally becomes so thick that, by shading the leaves of the tree, it slows the growth rate of the tree.<ref name="floridata.com" /> Different species of plant seem to vary in their tolerance to Spanish Moss, and it has become a problematic weed in some places it has been introduced, such as Northern Sydney, Australia, where it is a threat to the Sydney Turpentine Ironbark Forest, Blue Gum High Forest and rainforests of the area.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Spanish Moss can use the water-conserving strategy of crassulacean acid metabolism for photosynthesis.<ref name="Kluge-et-al-1973">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Haslam-et-al-2003">Template:Cite journal</ref>

In the southern U.S., the plant seems to show preferences for southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) and bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) because of their high rates of foliar mineral leaching (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus) that provides an abundant supply of nutrients to the epiphytic plant.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> It can also colonize other tree species such as sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), crepe-myrtles (Lagerstroemia spp.), other oaks, and even pines.Template:Citation needed It also grows more uncommonly on artificial structures such as fencing and telephone lines.<ref name="eFloras"/>

Spanish moss shelters a number of creatures, including rat snakes and three species of bats. One species of jumping spider, Pelegrina tillandsiae, has been found only on Spanish moss.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although widely presumed to infest Spanish moss, in one study of the ecology of the plant, chiggers were not present among thousands of other arthropods identified on the plant.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Spanish moss is sensitive to airborne contaminants. It does not grow in areas where smoke is common, such as near chimneys. It has receded from urban areas due to increasing air pollution.<ref name="floridata.com"/>

Culture and folkloreEdit

File:Sp moss flower 1545.JPG

Spanish-moss with open seed capsule in Santee National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina

Spanish moss is often associated with Southern Gothic imagery and Deep South culture, due to its propensity for growing in subtropical humid southern locales such as Alabama, Southern Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, east and south Texas, and extreme southern Virginia.

One anecdote about the origin of Spanish moss is called "the Meanest Man Who Ever Lived", in which the man's white hair grew very long and got caught on trees.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Spanish moss was introduced to Hawaii in the nineteenth century. It became a popular ornamental and lei plant.<ref name="Lei">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Hawaii, it was named "ʻumiʻumi-o-Dole" after the beard of Sanford B. Dole, the first president of the Provisional Government of Hawaii. It is also known as hinahina, ("silvery") borrowing the name of the native heliotrope used in lei until shoreline development made access difficult. It has become a substitute for the native hinahina in lei used for pageantry. In the early 21st century the plant was heavily marketed as "Pele's hair"/"lauoho-o-Pele", which actually refers to a type of filamentous volcanic glass.

Human usesEdit

File:Spanish moss under 20x magnification.jpg

Spanish moss under 20x magnification, showing scale-like trichomes

File:Tillandsia usneoides 'Munro's Filiformis' (2).jpg

Tillandsia 'Munro's Filiformis'

File:Tillandsia 'Odin's Genuina'.jpg

Tillandsia 'Odin's Genuina'

Spanish moss has been used for various purposes, including building insulation, mulch, packing material, mattress stuffing, and fiber. In the early 1900s it was used commercially in the padding of car seats.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> More than 10,000 tons of processed Spanish moss was produced in 1939.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Today, it is collected in smaller quantities for use in arts and crafts, as bedding for flower gardens, and as an ingredient in bousillage, a traditional wall covering material. In some parts of Latin America and Louisiana, it is used in nativity scenes.

In the desert regions of southwestern United States, dried Spanish moss is sometimes used in the manufacture of evaporative coolers, colloquially known as "swamp coolers" (and in some areas as "desert coolers"), which are used to cool homes and offices much less expensively than air conditioners. The cooling technology uses a pump that squirts water onto a pad made of Spanish moss plants; a fan then pulls air through the pad, and into the building. Evaporation of the water on the pads serves to reduce air temperature, cooling the building.<ref>Gutenberg, Arthur William (1955). The Economics of the Evaporative Cooler Industry in the Southwestern United States. Stanford University Graduate School of Business. p. 167.</ref>