Toleman
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Former F1 team Template:Portal
Toleman Motorsport was a Formula One constructor based in the UK. It participated in Formula One between 1981 and 1985, competing in 70 Grands Prix. Today, it is best known for giving Ayrton Senna his Formula One debut.
The team was generally uncompetitive during its short lifetime, prompting Senna to leave after just one year. However, several of its engineers, including Rory Byrne and Pat Symonds, stayed with the team after its sale to the Benetton Group and eventually built the organisation into the title-winning Benetton Formula. As such, Toleman is the progenitor of the racing lineage informally known as "Team Enstone."
OriginsEdit
In 1926, Edward Toleman established a company to deliver Ford cars from the Ford factory to dealers across the country.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Edward's son Albert took over the company in the 1950s, and Albert's sons Ted and Bob succeeded him in 1966.<ref name=":11">Template:Cite news</ref> The Toleman brothers recruited Alex Hawkridge to expand their transportation business into Europe.<ref name=":11" />
The Toleman family were enthusiastic gentleman drivers. Albert Toleman won several club-level rally championships.<ref name=":12" /> Ted Toleman participated in Formula Two, the Dakar Rally, and the 1976 24 Hours of Le Mans.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":13">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Unfortunately, Bob Toleman died in a racing accident in 1976.<ref name=":11" />
Hawkridge encouraged the company to enter auto racing by sponsoring competitors.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1976, Toleman began sponsoring Rad Dougall in the British Formula Ford Championship, although Dougall broke his legs in a crash the same day Toleman agreed to fund him. Toleman continued sponsoring Dougall for 1977, and he won the Formula Ford 2000 title that year.<ref name=":15">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Impressed with the results, Ted Toleman agreed to start his own Formula Two team.<ref name=":13" />
Formula TwoEdit
From 1978 to 1980, Toleman spent three seasons in the European Formula Two Championship under the leadership of Alex Hawkridge and Roger Silman.<ref name=":14">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To prepare for the higher level of competition, the team hired Royale Racing designer Rory Byrne, with an eye towards eventually building his own cars.<ref name="grandprix.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The team steadily improved from year to year.
In 1978, Toleman ran one car, a customer March-BMW. Rad Dougall made the podium in the very first race, but scored only one more point that season.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Byrne accused March's Robin Herd of undermining Toleman to benefit March's works team.<ref name=":8">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He concluded that "it’s no use having a customer car, you’re always one step behind."<ref name=":10">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1979, Toleman fielded a second car (piloted by Brian Henton), a customer Ralt-Hart. The team still used the previous year's March chassis when the Ralt was unavailable but otherwise preferred the Ralt.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Hart engines were less powerful than the BMWs but much lighter,<ref name=":8" /> with outstanding reliability.<ref name=":10" /> Henton finished 2nd in the championship standings, losing the title to Marc Surer by two points.<ref name="grandprix.com" /> He would have won the title but for the events of the 1979 Mediterranean Grand Prix, where he finished first on track but was subsequently disqualified.<ref name=":9">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1980, the F2 regulations were revised to limit ground effect.<ref name=":8" /> Derek Warwick arrived to replace Dougall, bringing with him financial support from sponsor BP.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":9" /> Byrne unveiled his first team-built chassis, the Toleman TG280, which exploited a loophole that allowed the team to continue running a ground effect car.<ref name=":8" /> In addition, the team switched from Goodyear to Pirelli tyres, as Byrne felt that Goodyear's tyres were optimised for qualifying and not a full race distance.<ref name=":8" /> Toleman-Hart dominated the F2 season.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Henton and Warwick finished 1-2 atop the standings, with a lead so large they skipped the final race of the season.<ref name=":9" /> The car was so strong that when Toleman customer drivers were included, the team accounted for three of the top four and four of the top seven drivers in the standings. Toleman cars also won six of the twelve races.
Formula Atlantic/PacificEdit
Toleman also produced the TA860 car (built by Lola) for Formula Atlantic and Formula Pacific racing. Only two were produced with one going to Carl Haas in America in June 1981, and the other being sold to Australian race driver Peter Williamson in September 1981. "Willo" as he was known, raced the car in Australian Formula 1 (Pacific) which in the early 1980s included the Australian Drivers' Championship and the Australian Grand Prix in its years before it became a Formula One race in 1985. Unlike most in Australia's top open wheel racing at the time who used the 1.6L Ford BDA engine, Toyota loyalist Williamson (he ran a Toyota car dealership in Sydney) used a 1.6L Toyota engine. The second chassis used by Williamson was crashed during practice for the 1984 Australian Grand Prix, prompting Willo to retire from motor racing.<ref>Toleman TA860 car-by-car histories @ oldracingcars.com</ref>
Formula OneEdit
Toleman entered Formula One for the Template:F1 season. Although Hawkridge admitted that the team was not ready to compete that year, he explained that the team had a short window of opportunity to enter the top level, because the FISA side of the FISA–FOCA war wanted to add teams to improve its political position against the established FOCA teams like Brabham, McLaren, and Williams.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Toleman would later refuse to join FOCA's boycott of the 1982 San Marino Grand Prix.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The team continued to recruited talented engineers, signing Byrne's former Royale lieutenant Pat Symonds for 1981 by promising to double his salary.<ref name=":14" /> The team innovated by sourcing the first fibre-optic engine management system, which (according to Hawkridge) improved reliability.<ref name=":8" />
Most importantly, Toleman sought to distinguish itself from other small teams by commissioning its successful F2 engine supplier, Hart, to produce turbocharger engines for the team.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By that time, Formula One was beginning to be dominated by turbo-powered cars, which outpaced the naturally aspirated engines previously dominant in the sport. Looking back, Symonds remarked that "if Alex and Ted Toleman had said, 'Let's go F1 racing, let's buy a [naturally aspirated Cosworth] DFV,' we'd have been a hell of a lot more successful in 1981 – but we wouldn’t have been around by 1990. We'd have been just another team."<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1981–1982: Difficult early yearsEdit
Toleman suffered greatly in the short run, due to growing pains associated with the innovative turbo technology and other issues. During this period, Toleman's cars were mocked in the racing press as "The Pig" (for their poor handling) and "The Belgrano" (for their oil leaks).<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1981, the team retained Brian Henton and Derek Warwick from 1980's dominant F2 campaign, but the Toleman TG181 was exceptionally poor, qualifying for just two races all season. Warwick remarked that the car was "impossible to drive" and that "we weren't just slow: we were seven seconds a lap off the back row."<ref name=":2" /> The team failed to qualify for a race until September, when Henton made the cut for the Italian Grand Prix.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Warwick qualified for the final race of the season, winning a £25,000 bet for doing so.<ref name=":2" />
In Template:F1, Henton left and was replaced by Teo Fabi. Nonetheless, the team managed to start qualifying consistently for races, but finished only two races all season, due in large part to engine reliability issues.<ref name=":0" /> The team used upgraded TG181Cs until the carbon-composite Toleman TG183 (the team skipped the number TG182) was ready in late August. The TG183 was used in only two Grands Prix (Italy and Las Vegas) that year, but Warwick did record the team's first fastest lap in the Template:F1 GP.
With sponsor Candy threatening to pull funding for 1983, the team resorted to a gimmick strategy to reach second place at the Template:F1 GP, however briefly. The team started Warwick on a half-tank of petrol, giving him a speed advantage over the other drivers' fully-loaded cars. Warwick knew going in that he would not finish the race,<ref name=":7" /> and ran out of fuel after 40 laps.<ref name=":2" /> The team lied to the press that Warwick had suffered a mechanical failure.<ref name=":2" /> Satisfied with the positive exposure, Candy agreed to stay with the team.<ref name=":7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1983: Emergence as a serious teamEdit
In Template:F1, the TG183B showed improved form thanks to a major update. Derek Warwick was retained, while Teo Fabi was replaced by Bruno Giacomelli. The budget increased as Candy's sponsorship was joined by Iveco brand Magirus and BP.
The Hart turbos finally began showing true pace, with Warwick qualifying fifth and sixth in the first two races.<ref name=":0" /> The team peaked at the end of the season: Warwick scored the team's first points with a fourth-place finish at the Dutch Grand Prix, kicking off a run of four consecutive scoring finishes to close out the year.<ref name=":0" /> Toleman finished 9th in the Constructors' Championship with ten points, putting itself a cut above the other backmarkers like Arrows, Theodore, Ligier, Spirit, ATS, Osella, and RAM, none of which scored more than four points.
1984: Peaking with Ayrton SennaEdit
In Template:F1, Warwick departed for the factory Renault team,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while Giacomelli left F1 for CART. In response, the team scored a coup by signing highly touted rookie Ayrton Senna, who had just won the 1983 British Formula Three Championship. Senna tested for Toleman and immediately developed a rapport with Byrne, who begged Hawkridge to sign him.<ref name=":0" /> However, Senna knew that he had the talent to race for a top team – Bernie Ecclestone had considered signing him for Brabham to partner reigning Drivers' Champion Nelson Piquet, but Piquet vetoed the idea<ref name=":33">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> – and negotiated a relatively low £100,000 release clause from Toleman.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Senna was paired with Venezuelan F2 driver and former dual Grand Prix Motorcycle World Champion Johnny Cecotto. However, Cecotto's F1 career ended mid-season when he broke both legs during practice for the British Grand Prix, and Stefan Johansson was eventually signed to finish out the season.
Toleman got off to a poor start, as the team was still using the 1983 cars for the first four races of 1984.<ref name=":0" /> Senna made his F1 debut at the Template:F1 GP, at Jacarepaguá.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He qualified an unimpressive 17th (Cecotto qualified 18th), and both drivers retired with engine failures (Senna's retirement from a blown turbo on the 9th lap was in fact F1's first retirement of the season).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, Senna rallied to score his first F1 point at round 2 in Kyalami, despite suffering major front wing damage on the opening lap.<ref name=":0" /> He also scored at the following race at Spa-Francorchamps, but only after Tyrrell's Stefan Bellof was disqualified from the entire season due to technical infringements.<ref name=":0" />
The demanding Senna quickly grew disillusioned with the team's Pirelli tyres;<ref name=":4">Template:Cite news</ref> no Pirelli driver scored points through round 5 of the season, except Senna.<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web
}}</ref> At Imola, the team sat out the first day of qualifying due to disputes with Pirelli, which along with a fuel pressure problem on the second day, contributed to Senna's failure to qualify for the race (the only time he failed to qualify in his entire career). Following the race, Senna successfully induced Toleman to break its Pirelli contract and sign with Michelin.<ref name=":4" /> Ironically, this decision eventually led to Toleman's demise and absorption by the Benetton Group in 1985 (see below).
The TG184 and the new Michelin tyres were ready for the Template:F1 GP. Although both drivers retired, Senna was delighted with the immediate improvement in performance.<ref name=":4" /> The very next race, Senna announced himself to the world with a dazzling second-place finish at the torrentially rain-soaked Monaco Grand Prix.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> When Jacky Ickx controversially called off the race after lap 31 of 77, Senna was closing in on leader Alain Prost, whose brakes were repeatedly locking up due to a deteriorating brake balance. (That said, Senna's suspension was already on the verge of failure,Template:Cn and Bellof's (later-disqualified) Tyrell was actually faster than Senna at the end of the race.<ref name=":5" />) In the following years, a conspiracy theory developed that Ickx, a Porsche sportscar driver, called off the race to ensure that Prost's Porsche-powered McLaren would win.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The team's performance fell off in mid-season, with Senna finishing only one out of six races at one point due to mechanical failures. In addition, Cecotto finished only two out of nine races that season. The lone bright spot, of sorts, was the Template:F1 GP. The weekend was marred by Cecotto's injury, but Senna qualified fourth and scored his second Formula One podium. Fighting for third, he "hound[ed] [Elio] de Angelis unmercifully" and picked up the position with two laps to go once de Angelis' engine faltered. Following the race, he received a large ovation from the Brands Hatch crowd.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Towards the end of the season, Senna announced his departure, having triggered his release clause to sign with Team Lotus. In response, Hawkridge suspended Senna for the Template:F1 GP; release clause or not, the Brazilian was still contractually obligated to inform Toleman before negotiating with other teams.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Pierluigi Martini filled in for Senna at Monza. Cecotto's belated replacement Stefan Johansson made his way from 17th place to 4th in his Toleman debut,<ref name=":6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while Martini failed to qualify. Senna returned to the team for the final two races and finished off the year in style with a third podium at the Template:F1 GP.
Although not much was expected from the team who started the year with only their upgraded 1983 car and also with two untried rookie drivers, plus the underpowered Hart turbo engine, Toleman finished a career-best 7th in the Constructors' Championship, scoring 16 points (13 courtesy of Senna, the other 3 from Johansson's 4th place in Italy). Senna also recorded the only three podiums in the team's history.
1985: Near-collapse and sale to BenettonEdit
Following Senna's departure, the Toleman team sought to maintain its momentum by retaining Johansson and signing John Watson for the Template:F1 season.<ref name=":6" /> In addition, that year's TG185 was the first carbon monocoque to be fabricated in-house at the Witney factory.<ref name="grandprix.com" />
However, the team nearly collapsed. Michelin withdrew from F1 at the end of 1984, forcing the team to confront the fact that it had alienated every remaining tyre supplier in Formula One. Pirelli was unwilling to supply Toleman again after the events of 1984,<ref name=":1" /> and Goodyear was also upset at Hawkridge due to the manner in which Toleman switched from Goodyear to Pirelli in Formula Two. Without F1-quality tyres, Toleman was forced to sit out the first three races of the 1985 season.<ref name=":6" /> The team parted ways with both drivers: Johansson quit the team to join Tyrell and later Ferrari,<ref name=":6" /> and Watson unsuccessfully asked to be paid for the races Toleman was unable to enter for tyre reasons.Template:Cn
Toleman returned in round 4 at Monaco, after Italian fashion label United Colors of Benetton bought the team in mid-season and acquired a Pirelli supply contract from the defunct Spirit team.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Benetton kept the Toleman name until season's-end.<ref name=":1" /> The team initially lacked the funds to run multiple cars, so Teo Fabi was Toleman's sole driver for the first six races. Piercarlo Ghinzani joined Fabi for the final seven races. Toleman's final year in F1 was as unsuccessful as its early years, as the team finished only two races and scored no points. The team's last hurrah was Fabi's pole position at the Template:F1 GP.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
LegacyEdit
When Ted Toleman sold the team to Benetton, the Italians promised to keep the staff together.<ref name=":02">Template:Cite news</ref> Rory Byrne and Pat Symonds, in particular, remained with the newly rebranded Benetton Formula, which proceeded to hire a new crop of talent, including Flavio Briatore and Ross Brawn. Led by Michael Schumacher, the Benetton team won two Drivers' Championships and one Constructors' Championship in the 1990s. Schumacher took Byrne and Brawn with him to Ferrari, and the two helped lead the turn-of-the-century Ferrari dynasty.<ref name=":15" /> Symonds and Briatore stayed with Benetton, which was later renamed to Renault (colloquially, "Team Enstone" after Benetton opened a new factory in Enstone, Oxfordshire). With new star Fernando Alonso, Renault won two Drivers' Championships and two Constructors' Championships in the 2000s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The original Toleman leadership (Toleman and Hawkridge) did not compete in Formula One again. Ted Toleman left England in 1993,<ref name=":12">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but intermittently remained involved in motor racing, managing the Australian Mini Challenge one make series.<ref name="AUSmotive">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Alex Hawkridge eventually chaired a company that used racing simulators to coach aspiring drivers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Complete Formula One resultsEdit
(key)
| Year | Chassis | Engines | Tyres | Drivers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | Points | WCC | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:F1 | TG181 | Hart 415T 1.5 L4 t | Template:Pirelli | USW | BRA | ARG | SMR | BEL | MON | ESP | FRA | GBR | GER | AUT | NED | ITA | CAN | CPL | 0 | NC | ||||
| Template:Flagicon Brian Henton | DNQ | DNQ | DNPQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | 10 | DNQ | DNQ | ||||||||||||
| Template:Flagicon Derek Warwick | DNQ | DNQ | DNPQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | Ret | ||||||||||||
| Template:F1 | TG181B TG181C TG183 |
Hart 415T 1.5 L4 t | Template:Pirelli | RSA | BRA | USW | SMR | BEL | MON | DET | CAN | NED | GBR | FRA | GER | AUT | SUI | ITA | CPL | 0 | NC | |||
| Template:Flagicon Derek Warwick | Ret | DNQ | DNPQ | Ret | Ret | DNQ | Template:F1 race position | Ret | 15 | 10 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | ||||||||||
| Template:Flagicon Teo Fabi | DNQ | DNQ | DNQ | NC | Ret | DNPQ | DNQ | Ret | Ret | DNQ | Ret | Ret | Ret | DNQ | ||||||||||
| Template:F1 | TG183 TG183B |
Hart 415T 1.5 L4 t | Template:Pirelli | BRA | USW | FRA | SMR | MON | BEL | DET | CAN | GBR | GER | AUT | NED | ITA | EUR | RSA | 10 | 9th | ||||
| Template:Flagicon Derek Warwick | 8 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 7 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 4 | 6 | 5 | 4 | |||||||||
| Template:Flagicon Bruno Giacomelli | Ret | Ret | 13† | Ret | DNQ | 8 | 9 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 13 | 7 | 6 | Ret | |||||||||
| Template:F1 | TG183B TG184 |
Hart 415T 1.5 L4 t | Template:Pirelli Template:Michelin |
BRA | RSA | BEL | SMR | FRA | MON | CAN | DET | DAL | GBR | GER | AUT | NED | ITA | EUR | POR | 16 | 7th | |||
| Template:Flagicon Ayrton Senna | Ret | 6 | 6 | DNQ | Ret | Template:F1 race position‡ | 7 | Ret | Ret | 3 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | 3 | |||||||||
| Template:Flagicon Stefan Johansson | 4 | Ret | 11 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Template:Flagicon Johnny Cecotto | Ret | Ret | Ret | NC | Ret | Ret | 9 | Ret | Ret | DNQ | ||||||||||||||
| Template:Flagicon Pierluigi Martini | DNQ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Template:F1 | TG185 | Hart 415T 1.5 L4 t | Template:Pirelli | BRA | POR | SMR | MON | CAN | DET | FRA | GBR | GER | AUT | NED | ITA | BEL | EUR | RSA | AUS | 0 | NC | |||
| Template:Flagicon Teo Fabi | Ret | Ret | Ret | 14† | Ret | Template:F1 race position | Ret | Ret | 12 | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | |||||||||||
| Template:Nowrap | DNS | Ret | DNS | Ret | Ret | Ret | Ret | |||||||||||||||||
| Sources:<ref name=MotorsportStats>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||||||||||||||||||||||
- Notes
- † – The driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified, as he completed over 90% of the race distance.
- ‡ – Half points awarded as less than 75% of the race distance was completed.