Tom Kilburn
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Tom Kilburn Template:Post-nominals (11 August 1921 – 17 January 2001) was an English mathematician and computer scientist.<ref name=whoswho/><ref name=gs>Template:Google scholar id</ref> Over his 30-year career, he was involved in the development of five computers of great historical significance. With Freddie Williams he worked on the Williams–Kilburn tube and the world's first electronic stored-program computer, the Manchester Baby, while working at the University of Manchester.<ref name=redhead>Template:Cite AV media</ref> His work propelled Manchester and Britain into the forefront of the emerging field of computer science.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
A graduate of the University of Cambridge, Kilburn worked on radar at the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) in Malvern supervised by Frederic Calland Williams during the Second World War. After the war ended, he was recruited by Williams to work on the development of computers at the University of Manchester. He led the development of a succession of innovative Manchester computers that incorporated a host of ground-breaking innovations and developments, including the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercial computer, and the Atlas, one of the first time-sharing multiprocessing computers that incorporated job scheduling, spooling, interrupts, instruction pipelining and paging.<ref name=lav>Template:Cite book</ref>
Early life and educationEdit
Tom Kilburn was born in Earlseaton near Dewsbury, Yorkshire, on 11 August 1921,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=redhead/> the only son of John William Kilburn, a wool mill clerk who later became a company secretary, and his wife, Ivy Mortimer. From 1932 to 1940,<ref name="odnb"/> he attended the Wheelwright Grammar School for Boys, where the headmaster encouraged his aptitude for mathematics.<ref name="cacm"/> He also played sports, notably running.<ref name="odnb"/>
In 1940, Kilburn started studying mathematics at the University of Cambridge as a student Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, funded by a state scholarship, a county major scholarship, and a minor open scholarship.<ref name="odnb"/> Although many university dons were absent performing war work at places like Bletchley Park, the University of Cambridge maintained an active mathematical community, and Kilburn became the Sidney Sussex College representative in the New Pythagoreans, a clique with the Cambridge University Mathematical Society whose members included Gordon Welchman and Geoff Tootill. Due to the outbreak of the Second World War, courses were compressed to two years, and he graduated in 1942 with First Class Honours in Part I of the Mathematical Tripos and preliminary examinations for Part II.<ref name="cacm"/>
Career and researchEdit
On graduation, Kilburn was recruited by C. P. Snow.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> He was given a quick course in electronics, and was posted to the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) in Malvern, where he worked on radar in Group 19 under Frederic Calland Williams. The group was responsible for designing and debugging electronic circuitry. Although Williams was initially disappointed at being given someone with so little practical experience, Kilburn became a valued member of the team.<ref name="cacm"/> On 14 August 1943, he married Irene Marsden, a shop assistant. They went on to raise a son, John, and a daughter, Anne.<ref name="odnb"/>
Kilburn's wartime work inspired his enthusiasm for some form of electronic computer. The principal technical barrier to such a development at that time was the lack of any practical means of storage for data and instructions. In July 1946, Kilburn and Williams collaboratively developed a storage device based on a cathode-ray tube (CRT) called the Williams–Kilburn tube. A patent was filed in 1946.<ref name="tube"/> Initially they used it to store a single bit. The CRT image soon faded, so they devised a scheme by which it was read and refreshed continually, effectively making the data storage permanent. By December 1947, they were able to store 2,048 bits on one Template:Convert diameter CRT.<ref name="telegraphobit"/><ref name="bit"/>
In December 1946, Williams took up the Edward Stocks Massey Chair of Electrotechnics at the University of Manchester, and recruited Kilburn on secondment from Malvern.<ref name="cacm"/> The two developed their storage technology and, in 1948, Kilburn put it to a practical test in constructing the Manchester Baby, which became the first stored-program computer to run a program, on 21 June 1948.<ref name="odnb"/> He received the degree of PhD in 1948 for his work at Manchester, writing his thesis on A storage system for use with binary digital computing machines under Williams's supervision.<ref name="phd"/>
Manchester computersEdit
Kilburn anticipated a return to Malvern but Williams persuaded him to stay to work on the university's collaborative project developing the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercial computer.<ref name="ieee"/><ref name="m1"/><ref name="m2"/> Max Newman withdrew from the project, believing that the development of computers required engineers and not mathematicians at this point, but Williams preferred to return to electrotechnics, leaving Kilburn in charge.<ref name="cacm"/> He was assisted by Alan Turing, who arrived at Manchester in 1948.<ref name="telegraphobit"/><ref name="Turing"/> The Mark I incorporated innovations such as index registers, and combined CRTs with magnetic drum storage.<ref name="odnb"/><ref name="new"/> Nine Mark I computers were sold by between 1951 and 1957.<ref name="cacm"/>
Over the next three decades, Kilburn led the development of a succession of innovative Manchester computers.<ref name="ieee"/> The first, commenced in 1951, was a development of the Mark I known as the megacycle machine or Meg, that replaced the vacuum tube diodes with solid state ones. This permitted an order of magnitude increase in the clock rate. To add further speed, Kilburn provided for 10-bit parallel CRT memory.<ref name="cacm"/> It was also one of the first computers, if not the first, to have floating point arithmetic.<ref name="odnb"/> Meg operated for the first time in 1954, and nineteen were sold by Ferranti under the name 'Mercury', six of them to customers overseas.<ref name="cacm"/>
While Kilburn led one design team working on Meg, he led another with Dick Grimsdale and Douglas Webb, on a research project examining what he believed would be the next step forward in computer design: the use of transistors. The 48-bit machine they completed in November 1953 was the world's first transistor computer, with 550 diodes and 92 transistors, and was manufactured by STC. An improved version completed in April 1955 had 1,300 diodes and 200 transistors, and was sold by Metropolitan-Vickers as the Metrovick 950.<ref name="cacm"/>
Kilburn's next project, known as Atlas, aimed to create a fast computer by making maximum use of existing and new technologies. The project was backed by Ferranti and a £300,000 grant from the National Research Development Corporation.<ref name="cacm"/> It incorporated numerous technologies and techniques such as "multiprogramming, job scheduling, spooling, interrupts, pipelining, interleaved storage, autonomous transfer units, virtual storage and paging – though none of these techniques had been invented when the project started in 1956."<ref name="cacm"/> Other innovations included read only memory and a compiler-compiler.<ref name="guardianobit"/> The greatest innovation was virtual memory, which allowed the drum storage to be treated as if it were core.<ref name="atlas"/><ref name="m3"/> Three of them were built, and installed at Manchester University, the University of London and the Rutherford Laboratory.<ref name="cacm"/>
Kilburn became a professor of computing engineering in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Manchester in 1960. He was instrumental in forming the Department of Computer Science in 1964, becoming the first head of the department, and served as Dean of the Faculty of Science from 1970 to 1972, and pro-vice-chancellor of the university from 1976 to 1979.<ref name="cacm"/> His final computer project was the MU5, which was designed to facilitate the running of programs in high-level programming languages. An analysis of code written for the Atlas gave an insight into the frequency of different operands and control structures. The project was assisted by a £630,000 Science Research Council (SRC) grant awarded over five-years. The design heavily influenced the successful ICL 2900 Series.<ref name="cacm"/><ref name="guardianobit"/>
Awards and honoursEdit
Over the years, Kilburn received numerous awards and accolades. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1965,<ref name="frs"/> a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society in 1974<ref name="dfbcs"/> and a fellow of the Computer History Museum "for his contributions to early computer design including random access digital storage, virtual memory and multiprogramming" in 2000.<ref name="chm"/> He was created a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1973,<ref name="cbe"/> and was awarded an honorary doctorate of science from the University of Bath in 1979.<ref name="bath"/>
Kilburn received the IEEE Computer Society W. Wallace McDowell Award in 1971 "for his achievement in designing and building some of the first – as well as some of the most powerful – computers in the world",<ref name="computer.org" /> the British Computer Society IT Award in 1973,<ref name="bcs"/> the Royal Medal of the Royal Society, in 1978,<ref name="royal"/> the IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award in 1982,<ref name="pioneer"/> the Eckert-Mauchly Award in 1983,<ref name="ema"/> and the Mountbatten Medal. 1997.<ref name="mm" /> A building at the University of Manchester, which houses the Department of Computer Science, is named "The Kilburn Building" in his honour.<ref name="bldg"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His nomination for the Royal Society reads: Template:Quote
Personal lifeEdit
Kilburn married Irene Marsden in 1943 and had two children, one daughter and one son.<ref name=whoswho/> Kilburn habitually holidayed with his family in Blackpool but was always back in time for Manchester United F.C.'s first match of the football season. He claimed that watching Manchester United win the 1968 European Cup Final at Wembley stadium was the best day of his life.<ref name="odnb"/> He took early retirement in 1981 to care for his ailing wife,<ref name="telegraphobit"/> who was suffering from chronic bronchitis, but she died on 3 August 1981, two weeks before his retirement.<ref name="odnb"/><ref name="cacm"/><ref name=whoswho/>
After his wife's death, Kilburn lived alone in the modest house they had shared in Manchester. He did not own a personal computer.<ref name="telegraphobit"/> In 1998 he unveiled a fully functional replica of the Manchester Baby at the Manchester Museum of Science and Industry.<ref name="telegraphobit"/> He died at Trafford General Hospital in Davyhulme of pneumonia following abdominal surgery on 17 January 2001.<ref name="odnb"/>
ReferencesEdit
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