Trajan's Bridge

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Trajan's Bridge (Template:Langx; Template:Langx), also called Bridge of Apollodorus over the Danube, was a Roman segmental arch bridge, the first bridge to be built over the lower Danube and considered one of the greatest achievements in Roman architecture. Though it was only functional for 165 years, it is often considered to have been the longest arch bridge in both total span and length for more than 1,000 years.<ref>The bridge seems to have been surpassed in length by another Roman bridge across the Danube, Constantine's Bridge, a little-known structure whose length is given at 2,437 m (Template:Harvnb; Template:Harvnb). In China, the 6th century single-span Anji Bridge had a comparable span of Template:Convert.</ref>

The bridge was completed in 105 AD and designed by Emperor Trajan's architect Apollodorus of Damascus before the Second Dacian War to allow Roman troops to cross the river.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Fragmentary ruins of the bridge's piers are still in existence. Template:Stack

The siteEdit

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File:Forts near Drobeta.png

Forts on the Danube near Drobeta

File:Remains of the Trajan's Bridge on the right bank of Danube, Serbia (27251575447).jpg

Remains of Trajan's Bridge on the south bank of the River Danube, Serbia

File:072 Conrad Cichorius, Die Reliefs der Traianssäule, Tafel LXXII (Ausschnitt 01).jpg

Relief of the bridge on Trajan's Column showing the unusually flat segmental arches on high-rising concrete piers; in the foreground emperor Trajan sacrificing by the Danube

The bridge was situated east of the Iron Gates, near the present-day cities of Drobeta-Turnu Severin in Romania and Kladovo in Serbia. Its construction was ordered by the Emperor Trajan as a supply route for the Roman legions fighting in Dacia.

Construction of the bridge was part of a wider project, which included the digging of side canals so that whitewater rapids could be avoided to make the Danube safer for navigation enabling an effective river fleet, a string of defense posts and development of the intelligence service on the border.<ref>Šašel J. Trajan’s Canal at the Iron Gate. Journal of Roman Studies. 1973;63:80-85. doi:10.2307/299167 </ref>

The remains of the embankment which protected the area during the construction of the canal (in a loop to the south of the Danube)<ref>Roman canal https://vici.org/vici/60617/</ref> show the magnitude of the works. The Template:Convert long canal bypassed the problematic section of the river in an arch-like style.<ref name=Politika/> Former canals eventually filled with sand, and empty shells are regularly found in the ground.<ref name=magazin/>

All these works, especially the bridge, served the purpose of preparing for the Roman invasion of Dacia, which ended with Roman victory in 106 AD. The effect of finally defeating the Dacians and acquiring their gold mines was so great that Roman games celebrating the conquest lasted for 123 days, with 10,000 gladiators engaging in fights and 11,000 wild animals being killed during that period.<ref name=Politika/>

The bridge was Template:Convert long (the Danube is now Template:Convert wide in that area), Template:Convert wide, and Template:Convert high, measured from the surface of the river. At each end was a Roman fort so that crossing the bridge was only possible through the camps.

On the south bank, at the modern village of Kostol near Kladovo, the Pontes fort was built in 103, concurrently with the bridge, occupying several hectares. Remnants of the Template:Convert long castrum with thick ramparts are still visible today. A vicus (civilian settlement) grew up around it later. A bronze head of Emperor Trajan has been discovered in Pontes, part of a statue which was erected at the bridge entrance and is today kept in the National Museum in Belgrade.

On the north bank is the Drobeta fort. It also had a bronze statue of Trajan.<ref name=magazin>Template:Cite news</ref>

Design and constructionEdit

Apollodorus used wooden arches, each spanning Template:Convert, set on twenty masonry pillars made of bricks, mortar, and pozzolana cement.<ref>The earliest identified Roman caisson construction was at Cosa, a small Roman colony north of Rome, where similar caissons formed a breakwater as early as the 2nd century BC: International Handbook of Underwater Archaeology, 2002.</ref><ref>Fernández Troyano, Leonardo, "Bridge Engineering - A Global Perspective", Thomas Telford Publishing, 2003</ref> It was built unusually quickly (between 103 and 105), employing the construction of a wooden caisson for each pier.<ref>In the first century BC, Roman engineers had employed wooden caissons in constructing the Herodian harbour at Caesarea Maritima: Carol V. Ruppe, Jane F. Barstad, eds. International Handbook of Underwater Archaeology, 2002, "Caesarea" pp505f.</ref>

Apollodorus applied the technique of river flow relocation, using the principles set by Thales of Miletus some six centuries beforehand. Engineers waited for a low water level to dig a canal, west of the modern downtown of Kladovo. The water was redirected Template:Convert downstream from the construction site, through the lowland of Template:Ill, to the location of the modern village of Mala Vrbica. Wooden pillars were driven into the river bed in a rectangular layout, which served as the foundation for the supporting piers, which were coated with clay. The hollow piers were filled with stones held together by mortar, while from the outside they were built around with Roman bricks. The bricks can still be found around the village of Kostol, retaining the same physical properties that they had 2 millennia ago. The piers were Template:Convert tall, Template:Convert wide and Template:Convert apart.<ref name=Politika>Template:Citation</ref> It is considered today that the bridge construction was assembled on the land and then installed on the pillars. A mitigating circumstance was that the year the relocating canals were dug was very dry and the water level was quite low. The river bed was almost completely drained when the foundation of the pillars began. There were 20 pillars in total in an interval of Template:Convert. Oak wood was used and the bridge was high enough to allow ship transport on the Danube.<ref name=magazin/>

The bricks also have a historical value, as the members of the Roman legions and cohorts which participated in the construction of the bridge carved the names of their units into the bricks. Thus, it is known that work was done by the legions of IV Flavia Felix, VII Claudia, V Macedonica and XIII Gemina and the cohorts of I Cretum, II Hispanorum, III Brittonum and I Antiochensium.<ref name=Politika/>

Tabula TraianaEdit

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File:Trajanova tabla.tif

Tabula Traiana and road, near Kladovo, Serbia, 1930s

A Roman memorial plaque ("Tabula Traiana"), 4 metres wide and 1.75 metres high, commemorating the completion of Trajan's military road is located on the Serbian side facing Romania near Ogradina, 29 km west of the bridge. In 1972, when the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station was built (causing the water level to rise by about 35 m), the plaque was moved from its original location, and lifted to the present place. It reads:

IMP. CAESAR. DIVI. NERVAE. F
NERVA TRAIANVS. AVG. GERM
PONTIF MAXIMUS TRIB POT IIII
PATER PATRIAE COS III
MONTIBVS EXCISI(s) ANCO(ni)BVS
SVBLAT(i)S VIA(m) F(ecit)

The text was interpreted by Otto Benndorf to mean:

Emperor Caesar son of the divine Nerva, Nerva Trajan, the Augustus, Germanicus, Pontifex Maximus, invested for the fourth time as Tribune, Father of the Fatherland, Consul for the third time, excavating mountain rocks and using wood beams has made this road.

The Tabula Traiana was declared a Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and is protected by the Republic of Serbia.

RelocationEdit

File:Traian's Table (Tabula Traiana).jpg

The relocated Tabula Traiana. The inscription TABULA TRAIANA is modern.

When the plan for the future hydro plant and its reservoir was made in 1965, it was clear that numerous settlements along the banks would be flooded in both Yugoslavia and Romania, and that historical remains, including the plaque, would also be affected. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts urged for the plaque to be preserved and the government accepted the motion. The enterprise entrusted with the task of relocation was the mining company "Venčac" as its experts previously participated in the relocation of the Abu Simbel temple in Egypt.<ref name=magazin1>Template:Cite news</ref>

First idea was to leave the plaque at its position and to build the caisson around it but the calculations showed this would not work. The idea of cutting the plaque in several smaller pieces in order to be moved was abandoned due to the quality of the rock of which it was made. The proposition of lifting it with the floating elevator "Veli Jože" was discarded, too. The motion of cutting the table in one piece and placing it somewhere else was rejected as the plaque would lose its authenticity.<ref name=magazin1/>

In the end it was decided to dig in a new bed into the rock Template:Convert above the plaque's original location. The plaque was then cut in one piece with the parts of the surrounding rock and road. After being cut with the cable saws, the 350 tons heavy chunk was lifted to the new bed. Works began in September 1967 and were finished in 1969.<ref name=magazin1/>

Destruction and remainsEdit

File:Piciorul Podului lui Traian, malul românesc (19 august 2009).jpg

The ruins in 2009, surrounded by a square concrete compound which was built to protect the monument from the rise of the water level following the construction of the Iron Gate II dam, Romania

The wooden superstructure of the bridge was dismantled by Trajan's successor, Hadrian, presumably in order to protect the empire from barbarian invasions from the north.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The superstructure was destroyed by fire.<ref name=magazin/>

The remains of the bridge reappeared in 1858 when the level of the Danube hit a record low due to the extensive drought.<ref name=magazin/> The twenty pillars were still visible.

In 1906, the Commission of the Danube decided to destroy two of the pillars that were obstructing navigation.

In 1932, there were 16 pillars remaining underwater, but in 1982 only 12 were mapped by archaeologists; the other four had probably been swept away by water. Only the entrance pillars are now visible on either bank of the Danube,<ref>Romans Rise from the Waters Template:Webarchive</ref> one in Romania and one in Serbia.<ref name=magazin/>

In 1979, Trajan's Bridge was added to the Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance, and in 1983 on Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance list, and by that it is protected by the Republic of Serbia.

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