Trebaruna

Template:Short description Trebaruna, also Treborunnis and possibly *Trebarunu, was a Lusitanian deity, probably a goddess. Trebaruna's cult was located in the cultural area of Gallaecia and Lusitania (in the territory of modern Galicia (Spain) and Portugal).

NamesEdit

Spanish historian Template:Ill also lists the following name attestations for the deity:<ref>Blázquez, José Mª. Arte Y Religión En El Mediterráneo Antiguo. Ediciones Cátedra, 2008. p. 126.</ref>

Trebarona (Coria)
Trebarune (Findão)
Trebaroune (Lardosa)
Trebarouna (Idanha-a-Nova)
Triborunni (Cascais)
Debaroni muceaicaeco (Aveledas)

EtymologyEdit

Epigraphic evidenceEdit

Tovar listed three inscriptions wherein their name is attested: one from Idanha-a-Velha, a second from Coria and the third from Lardosa.<ref>Tovar, Antonio. "L’inscription du Cabeço das Fráguas et la langue des Lusitaniens". In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 11, fascicule 2, 1966. pp. 255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1966.2167; www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_1966_num_11_2_2167</ref>

Two small altars dedicated to this goddess were found in Portugal, one in Roman-Lusitanian Egitania (current Idanha-a-Velha) and another in Lardosa. The Tavares Proença Regional Museum in Castelo Branco now contains the altar from Lardosa. It was located in an area where the people from a Castro settlement founded a Roman-Lusitanian villa. This altar used to hold a statue of the goddess which has since been lost. Nevertheless, it still preserves this inscription: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} which translates as: Oconus, son of Oco, has fulfilled the vow to Trebaruna.<ref>O Archeologo Português, 1/29, 1933, pp. 165-166.</ref>

A name Trebarune (probably in the dative case) also appears on the inscription of Cabeço das Fráguas as a divinity receiving a sacrifice of a sheep.

In an inscription from Fundão in Portugal, a deity Trebarune is invoked by a Toncius Toncetani:<ref>Jud, J. "MOTS D'ORIGINE GAULOISE?". In: Romania 47, no. 188 (1921): 495 (footnote nr. 1). Accessed July 29, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45044435. www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1921_num_47_188_4452</ref>

Ara(m) pos(uit) Toncius Toncetani f(ilius) Icaedit(anus) milis Trebarun(a)e l(ibens) m(erito) v(otum) s(olvit)

José d'Encarnação lists an inscription from the Roman villa of Freiria (Cascais) (found on August 27, 1985), where a Triborunnis is invoked - a possible reference to this deity.<ref>"Lusitanie". In: L'Année épigraphique 1985 (1988): 133. Accessed July 30, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25607451.</ref> The component Tribo- he interprets as cognate to PIE *treb-.<ref>Encarnação, José d'. "O ex-voto à divindade Triborunnis". In: Kairós (Boletim do Centro de Estudos de Arqueologia, Artes e Ciências do Património) Nº. 4 - Inverno de 2019. pp. 78-80. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/88700</ref><ref>Encarnação, José d' (2019). "Epigrafia romana no concelho de Cascais". In: Lisboa Romana – Felicitas Iulia Olisipo – Monumentos Epigráficos. p. 131. Template:ISBN.</ref>

A more recent inscription from Capera is a dedicatory epigraphy by a person named Marcus Fidius to Augusta Trebaruna.<ref>Template:Cite journal.</ref>

Possible roleEdit

José Leite de Vasconcellos suggested that Trebaruna was a war goddess, since he found a second votive altar by the same person (Toncius Toncetami), dedicated to Roman goddess Victoria.<ref>Vasconcellos, José de. "Cultos luso-romanos em Idegitania". In: O Archeologo Português. Vol. 1, N. 9. Setembro de 1895. pp. 225-232.</ref>

Based on a possible etymology of her name, it seems she was a protector or protectress of property, home, and families.<ref>O Archeologo Português, 1/29, 1933, p. 163.</ref> In the same vein, Olivares Pedreños cited positions by d'Arbois de Jubainville and Lambrino that interpret her as a protectress of the group or tribe.<ref>Olivares Pedreño, Juan Carlos. Los dioses de la hispania céltica. Universitat d´Alacant / Universidad de Alicante, Servicio de Publicaciones: Real Academia de la Historia. 2002. p. 245. Template:ISBN.</ref>

LegacyEdit

Following the announcement in 1895 by José Leite de Vasconcelos of the discovery of Trebaruna as a new theonym, a poem celebrating this was published which likened Trebaruna to the Roman Victoria.<ref>Trebaruna, deusa Lusitana, ode heroica, José Leite de Vasconcelos, Barcelos : Typographia da Aurora do Cavado (1895)</ref> She has recently<ref>O que é a Pagan Federation? Template:Webarchive</ref> become, among neopagans, a goddess of battles and alliances.<ref>Pagan Federation Portugal Template:Webarchive</ref> The Portuguese metal-band Moonspell composed a song called "Trebaruna" which is a celebration of the goddess.

ReferencesEdit

Template:Reflist

BibliographyEdit

External linksEdit

Template:Spoken Wikipedia

Template:Celtic mythology (ancient)